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The critical success factors for websites for Chinese migrant farmer workers: a multi-case study Fang Wang Business School of Nankai University No. 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District Tianjin, China, 300071 (86)22-23502800 wangfangnk@nankai.edu.cn ABSTRACT This paper is to explore the critical success factors for the websites for Chinese migrant farmer workers. A theoretical framework was put forward according to the theories of usability, information architecture, webometrics and business model. A multi-case study on 10 websites was conducted for testifying 7 hypotheses. Business model and a few technical properties were found to be the critical factors that influence the effect and sustainable development of these websites. The originality of this paper is that it adopted a managerialtechnical perspective to explore the critical success factors of the MFW websites. Categories and Subject Descriptors H.3.5 [Online Information Services]: Web-based services General Terms Management, Measurement, Performance, Economics, Theory Keywords Special website, Website effect, Vulnerable groups, Chinese farmer workers, Multi-case study, Managerial-technical Perspective 1. INTRODUCTION From the late 1980s, along with China’s industrialization and urbanization process, migrant farmer workers (MFWs, farmers who leave their home in rural areas and come to cities to hunt for jobs in various industries without hukou, a registered permanent residence, in cities where they work, and some of them have to migrate to different cities frequently as their jobs change) have become a new workforce who are playing critical roles in Chinese economic and social development [1]. According to the National Statistics Bureau, the number of Chinese farmer workers was Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, to republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. ICEGOV '12, October 22 - 25 2012, Albany, NY, USA Copyright 2012 ACM 978-1-4503-1200-4/12/10...$15.00 95 Lihong Gu Business School of Nankai University No. 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District Tianjin, China, 300071 (86)22-23502800 gulihong1217@163.com 229.78 million in 2009, and 145.33 million of them were away from their hometown villages, occupying 83% of the total Chinese floating population. Among the farmer workers who migrated from hometown villages to cities, 128 million had no Hukous in cities where they worked [2]. However, the 28th Statistics Report on China Internet Network Development shows that by June 2011 the number of Chinese netizens had reached 485 million which occupied 34.3% of the total population, 390 million of them connected to Internet by family broad-band and 318 million by mobile phone, 33.6% (131 million) of the total netizens were rural residents [3], while the proportion of MFWs was only 3.5% by December 2010 [4]. Abovementioned data indicate that there exists a big digital divide between MFWs and other social groups although the total number of netizens in China continued to increase every year. Because of their fluidity and the restriction of Hukou, MFWs could neither equally share urban information infrastructure and resources with native citizens nor enjoy policies and projects of the "new socialist countryside" for rural residents. This plight makes them fall into a state of information welfare “loss” or “deprivation”, and in some way become a marginal group in information society. “Information welfare is an important part of social welfares” [5]. The inferior positions in which MFWs have to stay concerning labor price, social security, public good enjoyment, cultural and recreation consumption are related with their weak information capabilities [ 6 ]. Their awkward positions in the process of informatization will lead them to a greater poverty in economic, political, social and cultural rights and interests according to Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs [7]. Under the impacts of present social structure, economic development and other factors, it's difficult for them to get necessary information [8]. In order to diminish the digital divide between MFWs and other social groups, “it is necessary to integrate and make full use of the information resources owned by the departments of police, statistics, population and family planning, to promote the construction of information networks among MFWs, and to realize information sharing between relevant departments in order to provide accurate and timely information for MFW management and services” [9]. Informatization is essential to the realization of the orderly flow of MFWs [ 10 ]. Information service is especially promising in improving MFWs’ employment [11]; [12]. On the one hand, information services for MFWs can strengthen the communication between the government and the public [13]. On the other hand, solutions to MFWs’ information marginalization will help to build
an exit mechanism for them and promote labor transfer by improving their information capabilities and employability, and thus to diminish the gap between urban citizens and them and promote their social integration [ 14 ]. As a seminal work, Construct an Integrated Information Service System for Migrant Farmer Workers [15], the report of the National Informatization Expert Committee in 2005 put forward that China should establish an integrated information service system for MFWs. Websites are indispensable parts of an integrated information service system for MFWs. With the implication of “Village Connection” policy, the number of agriculture-related websites had reached nearly 20,000 by the end of 2010 in China [16]. Current studies on these websites mainly include website construction [17]; [18], webmetrics [19], roles of websites played in rural informatization [20], existing problems e.g. duplicated and outdated information [21], limited functions and unguaranteed information authenticity [22], and low browse rate and inadequate brand building [23]. However, only several websites special for MFWs have emerged in recent few years. Among 20,000 agriculture-related websites, they occupy only a minimal proportion but have great significance for MFWs. Moreover, we had not found any researches on the websites for Chinese MFWs by June 2011. How do these websites operate? What factors influence their survival and development? What difficulties are they faced with? In order to answer these questions, a holistic exploration is necessary and a multi-case study will be adopted to realize it. 2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK There are a quantity of theories and methods for website study, such as usability [24], information architecture (IA), technology acceptance model (TAM) [25 ], webometrics, social network analysis (SNA), etc. Studies on usability in LIS and IS fields have increased dramatically in recent years and a variety of measure scales have been developed. Shackel advanced four dimensions of usability, effectiveness, learnability, flexibility and attitude [26]. IA is thought as both a kind of art and a kind of technology on website building [27] and provides a set of technical aids to make a website more usable. Webometrics studies the quantitative aspects of the construction and use of information resources, structures and technologies on the Web drawing on bibliometric and informetric approaches [ 28 ]. Abovementioned theories examine websites from technical, managerial or social perspectives. Our study will focus on disclosing the effects of the MFW websites and the influences of some internal and external factors. This is a comprehensive problem related to managerial, technical and social issues. It is not enough to employ any single theory to guide a holistic exploration. Therefore, we select relevant constructs from present theories and combine them into a new theoretical framework under a managerial-technical perspective. Literatures show that some successful studies focus on complex aspects of a website rather than a single one. Welch and Pandey [29] compared different measures for the effect of government websites and found that except technology, political pressure, centralization, formalization, goal ambiguity, organizational culture, communication effect, red tape, complexity and size are all possible determinants of website effects. To avoid the shortcomings of a single perspective, Eschenfelder and Miller [30] established a socio-technical toolkit to measure the openness and accessibility of government information. Lee and Kozer [31] 96 constructed a model consisting of four major website quality factors, information quality, service quality, systems quality, and vendor-specific quality, to measure the effect of e-business website quality. These studies combined online characteristics of websites with offline factors and obtained satisfying results. In terms of this study, research problems could be given a more detailed examination under a holistic theoretical framework than under a single theoretical perspective. Out of this consideration, 5 qualitative and quantitative constructs and 7 theoretical hypotheses are put forward as follows: 2.1 Website Effect The main goal of the studied websites is to deliver information to MFWs. An effective website will attract more potential users to click and satisfy actual users’ information needs better. In this paper, website effect is taken as the dependent variable. Many constructs could be extracted to describe or measure website effect in usability researches. Nilsen [32] used ten usability heuristics related with user’s satisfaction for user interface design. Preece [33] adopted the user’s attitude as one of the factors in defining website usability. Success of information delivery to intended users or not determines a website’s final effect. Thus website effect could be defined with two variables, awareness and users’ satisfaction. High awareness means that a large number of people have known or experienced the website. In search engine optimization (SEO) average daily IP clicks and page view (PV) within a month are used to estimate website awareness. Many methods are used to evaluate overall user’s satisfaction towards a website in literatures. In this study, we choose both qualitative and quantitative indicators to evaluate user’s satisfaction. The former is used to indicate users’ satisfaction degree by qualitative content analyses on users’ feedback messages and media comments. The latter include two quantitative indicators, Google Page Rank Value (a numeric value that represents how important a page is on the web) and an overall assessment scored with 5-point Likert scale by researchers after in-depth investigations of each website and interviews with its webmaster. These indicators for the concept of website effect are shown in table 1. Table 1: Indicators for the concept of website effect Conceptual indicator website awareness User satisfaction Operational indicator Data Source Average daily IP clicks, Page view estimates within one month Degree of MFWs’ satisfaction Websites of ALEXA, SEO and GOOGLE Users’ feedback messages on websites and comments from other mass media Overall assessment Google Page Rank Value, overall website analyses and interviews with webmasters 2.2 Business Model of the Websites Business model is a concept frequently used in e-business, IS, computer science, strategy or management [34]. “At its heart, a business model performs two important functions: value creation and value capture” [35]. A conceptual business model should
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2012 ALBANY, NEW YORK UNITED STATES
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Foreword The 6 th International Con
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Table of Contents Forward .........
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Session 10: ICTs & Governance Trans
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o Revival of Farming Community with
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International Steering Committee Jo
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Jim DAVIES, Computing Laboratory, U
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Session 1 Open Government Data
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the combination of their moral sent
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involve the creation of a Network o
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approach [28] to expose indicators
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4. IMPLENTING PAR In order to come
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conclusions that might arise rom th
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6.3 Large Scale Implementation In r
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Implementation Framework for Open D
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2) Usage: Assessed by quantifying t
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Increasing Kenyan Open Data Consump
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insight into available data resourc
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New Perspectives for Electronic Gov
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Not without reason therefore that t
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Another principle adopted by this s
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access to public information, chang
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Open Government 2.0: Citizen Empowe
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As a third finding, we also found a
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Session 2 E-democracy & Participati
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two polarized (optimistic or utopia
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through aggregating, shaping, and c
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in-depth expert interviews, and wer
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government made of citizens’ cont
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[8] Putman, R.D. 1994. Making Democ
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The third stream of studies reviewe
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interests, gaining access to inform
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policies to prevent government agen
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ecause the majority of the shared i
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A Patent System Ontology for Facili
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uilt on top of the semantics of RDF
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dynamically derive relevancy based
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Figure 6. Cross-‐Reference betw
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Category II: After identifying some
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[8] De Nicola, A., Missikoff, M. an
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oral option, it also allows for a m
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mapping of citizens would ensure un
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Here the authors wish to extend the
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http://www.ecp.gov.pk/Reports/SPStr
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will enable to assess and confront
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The underlying DeLP process is as f
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Preparing for Digital Curation Gove
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semester hours. Nine of the forty-f
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REGNET: Regulatory Information Mana
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Search Terms/ Concepts References D
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4. COMPARATIVE STUDIES OF REGULATOR
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1105.4 [6] Content of Section 1105.
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Pollution Prevention Guide for Vehi
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From Information-Poor to Informatio
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To address the divide, specific gov
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ICT for Development and the MuNet P
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competencies and skills, contributi
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ICT Policy in Africa - A Comparativ
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essential and necessary to guide th
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Kenya it is the minister for Inform
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of existing Public Internet Access
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the policy process e.g. formulation
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Laggards or Victims of Socioeconomi
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Figure 3. Facilities & Services Enj
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Promoting user uptake of e-governme
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It was also decided that it was nec
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Session 8 Measurement 1
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technology (IT) projects by governm
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Gap = 5; The weak and unreliable In
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6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We are grateful
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aspects are hardly discussed as the
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service level agreements. The inter
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concensus of all participants, the
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Furthermore, it is understood from
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Mobile Technologies on the Internet
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of mothers. Based on this reason, w
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5.1.4 Precedence Plots Based on com
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3 indicators are similar but not th
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Latitude 10°�S 9°�S 8°�S 7
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7. CONCLUSION According to ORDIT an
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include but not limited to: payment
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Categories Only XSS (%) Table 2: Di
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From table 3, it can be deduced tha
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Session 9 Social Media in Governmen
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1. What kind of social media servic
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4.2.1 Facebook Usage Figure 3. Perc
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Government Crisis Communication on
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estoration theory. He termed it as
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Table 3. Strategies for Pre-crisis
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accounts, among which seven message
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information in the crisis event sta
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Government Official Microblogs: An
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It is worth mentioning that, while
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Managing Chinese Government Microbl
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due to their tremendous influence,
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3. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This research is
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3) Established year: to specify the
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Figure 6. Language used in Hong Kon
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E-Government and Transformation of
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and domestic as well as internation
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4.6 Computerisation of Railway Tick
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abysmally low (2.25). In addition t
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Evaluating and Assessing a Typology
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Exhaustiveness indicates that all c
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Fig. 1 Spatial Unit Fig. 3. By whom
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SUPPLEMENTARY TABLE 1. RESULT OF SE
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Explaining the eGovernment Paradox:
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eGovernment services to a large ext
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policy agenda, as Heeks [10] says,
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Implementation Plan’s outcomes an
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Conference on eGovernment (pp. 90-9
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Investigating the Relationships bet
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hybrid or authoritarian regime. Bov
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Technologies, Tools and Web 2.0 in
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with resources, peers and experts w
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cluster were: Court Clerks; Court,
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(8 questions) and the third subpart
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http://ux.brookdalecc.edu/governanc
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the examination of the 311 program
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3. CASE STUDY METHOD This study use
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discuss departmental performance at
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or laptop computers. Internet conne
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[2] Anavitarte, L. and Tratz-Ryan,
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A Literature Review: IT Governance
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Interviewees Useful? Table 3. Inter
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Assessment of Success Factors of e-
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In view of different theoretical ap
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approximate figure of 60% of intern
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difference between its priority and
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Computer Supported Contractor Selec
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(2) conduction of the public auctio
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E-Government Success Factors in the
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creating different incentives and p
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American and the Caribbean Institut
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* Note: A 7-points Likert scale was
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showed to be useful, for collecting
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Public CIO, Figurehead or Decision-
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4.2 Operative CIO The Operative CIO
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Session 12 Implementation & Impact
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NYSED is responsible for collecting
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considered markers that are able to
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many of the MDGs. The direct impact
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strongly believed that local govern
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Goal Variables Measurements 2 3 Com
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Hypothesis Variables Endogenous Exo
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[16] Joreskog, K.G., and Sorbom, D.
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GoN has addressed the challenge to
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Figures 6 and 7. Computer classes a
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ICT-enabled Delivery of Maternal He
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3. E-HEALTH 3.1 ICTs and Health Com
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Chart 1 [40] GHANA - Total Telephon
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change their behaviour, improve the
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activities such as the MoTeCH partn
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If We Build it Will They Come? A Mi
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The methodology contains inherent l
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information about their broadband s
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Session 13 E-democracy & Participat
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attempt to influence future behavio
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Evidence shows that cognitive facto
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success factors for eParticipation[
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structure of the forum as well as t
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government as well as augmenting di
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Figure 1: Message content 4.3 Messa
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Figure 6: Associated levels 4.10 At
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improve the government management e
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Session 14 Information Structure
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2. HEALTHCARE IN RURAL INDIA Health
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Cloud Data Center Internet Service
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Reliability of data: data collected
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Information System (NHIS). A Nation
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charge are either not aware of the
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from this medium. Additional securi
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attacks require the adversary to ma
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actions with yet unknown recipients
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Session 15 Measurement 2
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2. LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Electronic
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Among the main limitations and chal
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Furthermore, our study demonstrates
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E-Government Portals in Central Ame
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13 Guadaloupe 31.74 14.19 14 Aruba
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Evolving e-Government Benchmarking
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judgments are made about the qualit
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percentage of online availability o
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methodology, and few national gover
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integrating them worth it? Because
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Impacts of the Public Procurement R
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Not all the municipalities have the
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3. HYPHOTESIS AND RELEVANT QUESTION
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58% of the buyers believe that the
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A strategy of evolution of the mark
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Posters
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Russian Federation legislative prop
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Figure 1. Document Flow and E-DRM P
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We further assume that each key tar
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egion that is more representative o
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2.2 C-DAC C-DAC’s PARAM series of
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The Metropolitan Area Planning Coun
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expanded functionality in three are
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For each case, semi-structured inte
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Figure 1. Comparative analysis on t
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projects and their on-site images.
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key challenges of Enterprise System
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5. PART THREE: E GOVERNMENT APPLICA
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Following the research objectives,
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From Inter-Agency Information Shari
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479
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more and more valuable with the gro
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Implementation of Integrated Tax Sy
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Information Sharing in Inter-depart
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Interagency Collaboration in Provid
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489
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noted. The list of basic e-services
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the description of procedure for mo
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Opportunities for Improving eGovern
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Prioritization and Geo-Spatiotempor
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[4] R.Bruggemann and Ganapati P. Pa
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equirements. A direct communication
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Stage - 2: Here the actual software
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membership associations, recreation
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Fig 1 : Agriculture Revolution 3. P
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sector, private sector, and civil s
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System For Measuring e-Gov: A Multi
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The Digital Divide’s Devaluing of
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[3] Coursey, D., & Norris, D.F. (20
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In Brazil, electronic accessibility
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2) The areas to which mobile and wi
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2. OVERVIEW OF DISTRICT MAPPING The
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3.4 Driving License Driving License
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and socio-economic backgrounds. The
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Figure - 2: eGovernment Implementat
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Tutorial: Digital Curation for Publ
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ut also provide sufficient detail o
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ABM is known as a bottom-up simulat
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5.2 Relation to Empirics “Where d
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Larson, Elizabeth .................
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