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abysmally low (2.25). In addition to those presented in table 3 other evidence indicates a poor state of affairs. Internet penetration rate has been very low: there are only 204 internet service providers (IPS) 80% based in Dhaka, and the number of regular internet users is 3 million. Tele-density per 100 people is 32.04; number of fixed phone lines in 2007 of 1.12 mil and mobile phone users of 76.43 million (2011). In fact, inadequate infrastructure is a huge challenge for the government as well as the citizens. Despite very many efforts made to build strong ICT infrastructure still most government agencies operate with manual systems and procedures making digitisation of data an enormous task. The ratio of personal computers to staff of government offices has improved –but still low. This means that many of those junior officers and those working at the field levels are without much needed computers which hamper the delivery of services online. Also, government departments and agencies are not interconnected between themselves and with their field offices; the networking infrastructure is weak outside capital and major cities [12]. Given the fact that ICT penetration in Bangladesh is still low, people having no or limited access to Internet are unable to enjoy the benefits of e-government, even if services are available electronically. Evidence shows that despite recent improvements in ICT infrastructure, Bangladesh is still at the bottom of network readiness index and ranked 118 among 133 countries [8]. The proportion of households with computers increased from 0.8 in 2002 to 1.9 in 2007 and the proportion of households with internet has increased from 0.1 in 2002 to 1.3 in 2007. The problem is exacerbated by inadequate supply of electricity and the concentration of PC and Internet users in major cities and towns. Majority of the population in Bangladesh are without electricity and those having access to it also experience regular blackout and disruptions without notice. Likewise, computers are still too expensive for most Bangladeshi households and the Internet remains costly on the one hand and unreliable in most parts on the other. Even the introduction of mobile Internet and WiMax technology that promises to break the barrier of reaching the unreachable has recorded limited success given that very few users are currently prepared or trained to use such devices to access government information and services. 6.2 Digital Divide Bangladesh is a country of extreme disparities. Such disparities seem to be widening in recent times as the vast majority of the population remain unaffected by the ICT revolution, notwithstanding the governmental drives to bridge the divide by making the ICT services to those who cannot afford them. Without doubt, the existing programs are steps in the right direction- but they are grossly inadequate to tackle the massive gaps created by the ICT revolution. The government is faced with an enormous challenge to ensuring that people of various socioeconomic strata have equitable access to services and benefits. As noted, access to Internet and ownership of PCs are disproportionately concentrated in Dhaka and major cities. It is true that the internet users and broadband networks are growing, however this appears to create further divide between the cities and rural areas, between the educated and affluent segments of the population and the poor and ordinary masses. Although data on gender, age of ICT users are unavailable, it is conceivable that the vast majority of those using ICT in Bangladesh are male and young – not female and elderly. Prevailing problems like massive 277 poverty and inequality, illiteracy and widespread corruption contribute to widen the gaps further under of e-government. 6.3 Inadequate Human Capital Low levels of literacy among the general masses and lack of efficiency among the government servants responsible for implementing e-government initiatives frustrate governmental drives. It is ironical that despite being one of the most populous countries in the world, inadequate human capital continues to be a major barrier to e-government in Bangladesh. First, lack of literacy poses a formidable challenge to the development of a competent user group in the country. Currently Bangladesh’s Human Capital Index is only 0.5182 with adult literacy rate of 53.5% and the combined gross enrolment of primary, secondary and tertiary schools being 48.46% [19]. This low level of literacy makes it difficult for nearly half of the population fails to understand any meaning of e-government. Second, though projects are underway to promote IT literacy among the students the use of those equipment, especially in rural areas, is far from optimal because of such setbacks as interrupted power supply, poor location, unavailability of trained personnel, low motivation and awareness among those involved. Third, the current level of skills and expertise available in the public sector is inadequate. A recent study shows that 52% of the officers of the Bangladesh who are IT literate do not find their skills sufficient to perform daily work and only 38.7% use ICT in official activities. A vast majority of the officers (82%) felt that they needed training to be able to discharge their duties [13]. Training programs run by government and private institutions have generally failed to keep pace with the developments and growing demands; whatever training is available rarely need-based and carefully planned to allow application in the workplace. The Bangladesh experience also shows disconnects between high level policy development and lower level engagement and commitment, between infrastructure capacity and field level operations. Many public officials have access to computers and internet but they rarely make appropriate use of such facilities. It merely suggests that the potential of such tools remains mostly underutilised; they are used primarily for purposes other than service delivery for example word-processing, browsing the internet and for preparing presentational materials. 6.4 Financial, Legislative and Regulatory Constraints E-Government in Bangladesh is still in its infancy. Despite the recent drives and programs, the vision of using ICT to improve governance and quality of life of citizens has not been fully embedded in the legal and regulatory framework [14] As indicated, the current legislative and regulatory framework of egovernment driven mainly by two important documents - the ICT Policy 2009 and the ICT Act 2009 has addressed many of the inadequacies and concerns, yet it fails to provide a comprehensive and robust basis for e-government. While the government aims to provide greater public access to ICT and facilitate transactions and services, the existing laws are insufficient in terms of privacy, security and intellectual property rights [14]. In the current context there is a feeling that a far more comprehensive legislative framework is required than at present, not just for tackling cybercrimes and for electronic certification and authentication purposes but also for standardisation of government data and information, security of shared services platforms and the like [2]. Needless to add that poor legal and regulatory framework along with insufficient ICT infrastructure serves as a fundamental
constraint on online and integrated services. Also, a key challenge of e-government in Bangladesh is limited funding from the government and its heavy reliance on donor support. Budgetary allocation for e-government has remained inadequate; although it has increased in volume it continues to remain very low as a percentage of total developmental spending. The planned target of increasing governmental spending for ICT sector to 2% of the annual development plan (ADP) has remained far way off. In 2009-10 budget the government allocated $ 20.83m to ICT development which represents a mere 0.43% of the total ADP. 7. CONCLUSION It is obvious that Bangladesh has made slow but important progress towards implementation of e-government. Although initial drives began in the late 1990s, the e-government campaign received a major push in recent times which paved the way for the development of key ICT infrastructure – both hardware and software - and some important initiatives. Variety of schemes initiated and implemented since the early years have raised Bangladesh’s eprofile and e-readiness. Currently virtually all public agencies including those at the field level have their web-presence; they also offer informational and in limited cases, interactive and transactional services. Bangladesh has also seen the introduction of a number of innovative schemes that promise to transform nature of governance and pattern of interaction between the government and citizens and deliver significant gains in terms of efficiency, convenience and accountability, among others. Attempts are currently underway to expand the range of services that could be offered online and to ensure that those without access to new technology are able to enjoy the benefits of ICT revolution. Taken together they have marked the beginning of citizen-centric public administration: members of the public are now provided with alternative channels of accessing services in a more hassle-free environment. However, it must be emphasized that e-government has yet to bring about a fundamental change in public governance as most programs have not gone beyond informational and interactive stages and the vast majority of services continue to be provided through traditional channels. The expansion of e-government benefits has been handicapped by a range of constraints and limitations. As shown, the barriers and challenges that Bangladesh faces are complex and multi-dimensional which must be overcome in order to achieve radical change to the process of governance and service delivery. In fact, the experience of e-government around the world shows that there is no quick fix to such challenges. It requires robust leadership, continuous drive and innovation in different spheres where the government, the private sector, NGOs and members of the community all have important roles to play. Perhaps the most critical in this regard is the commitment and conviction on part of political and administrative leadership to carry this task forward. Without such commitment and sustained efforts the vision of Digital Bangladesh is unlikely to be realized. 8. REFERENCES [1] Akther, M.S., Onishi, T. and Kidokoro, T. (2007).’ Egovernment in a developing country: citizen-centric approach for 278 success’, International Journal of Electronic Governance, 1(1): 38- 51 [2] Bangladesh Enterprise Institute (BEI) (2010). Realizing the Vision of Digital Bangladesh through E-Government, July. [3] Bhuiyan, M.S.H. (2010). E-Government Applications in Bangladesh - Status and Challenges, Paper presented at Fourth International Conference on Theory and Practice of Electronic Governance October 25-28, Beijing China. [4] Bhuiyan, S.H. (2011). ‘Modernizing Bangladesh public Administration through e-governance: Benefits and challenges’, Government Information Quarterly, 28: 54-65 [5] Bhatnagar, S. (2004). E-Government: From Vision to Implementation, New Delhi: Sage Publications [6] Ebrahim, A. Pirson, M. and Mangas, P. (2009). ‘Brummer and the bracNet Investment’, Harvard Business School, April. [7] Faroqi, M.G. and Siddiquee, N.A. (2011). ‘Limping into the Information Age; Challenges of E-Government in Bangladesh’, Journal of Comparative Asian Development, 10(1): 33-61. [8] GITR (2009). The Networked Readiness Index & Ranking 2009-2010, The Global Information Technology Report 2009-10, World Economic Forum. [9] Government of Bangladesh (GoB) (2002). National Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Policy 2002, Dhaka: Ministry of Science and Information and Communication Technology. [10] GOB (2009a). E-Government Bulletin January: Access to Information Program, Dhaka: Prime Minister’s Office [11] GOB (2009b). National Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Policy 2009, Dhaka: Ministry of Science and Information and Communication Technology. [12] Hasan, S. (2011). E-Government in Bangladesh Public administration: Impact on the Procedure of Interaction, PhD thesis submitted to the University of Sydney, August. [13] Hoque, S.M.S. and Zaman, F. (undated). ‘E-Government: Preparedness of the Bangladesh Civil Service’. Unpublished paper. [14] Institute of Governance Studies (IGS) (2009). Digital Bangladesh: The Beginning of Citizen-Centric E-Government? IGS: BRAC University. [15] Islam, M.A. and Tsuji, K. (2009).’Bridging digital Divide in Bangladesh: Study on Community Information Centres’, The Electronic Library, 29(4); 506-522. [16] OECD (2003). The E-Government Imperative, OECD E- Government Studies. [17] Rahman, T. and Khan, N.A. (2012). ‘Reckoning Electronic Government in Bangladesh’, International Journal of Public Administration, 35: 112-121 [18] United Nations (UN) (2008). E-Government Survey: From E- Government to Connected Governance, Ney York. [19] UN (2010). Global e-Government Survey, 2010, UN Department of Economics and Social Affairs.
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2012 ALBANY, NEW YORK UNITED STATES
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Foreword The 6 th International Con
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Table of Contents Forward .........
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Session 10: ICTs & Governance Trans
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o Revival of Farming Community with
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International Steering Committee Jo
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Jim DAVIES, Computing Laboratory, U
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Session 1 Open Government Data
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the combination of their moral sent
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involve the creation of a Network o
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approach [28] to expose indicators
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4. IMPLENTING PAR In order to come
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conclusions that might arise rom th
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6.3 Large Scale Implementation In r
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Implementation Framework for Open D
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2) Usage: Assessed by quantifying t
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Increasing Kenyan Open Data Consump
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insight into available data resourc
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New Perspectives for Electronic Gov
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Not without reason therefore that t
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Another principle adopted by this s
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access to public information, chang
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Open Government 2.0: Citizen Empowe
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As a third finding, we also found a
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Session 2 E-democracy & Participati
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two polarized (optimistic or utopia
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through aggregating, shaping, and c
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in-depth expert interviews, and wer
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government made of citizens’ cont
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[8] Putman, R.D. 1994. Making Democ
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The third stream of studies reviewe
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interests, gaining access to inform
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2. THEORETICAL FOUNDATION 2.1 The P
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epresentatives from the three main
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While letters to the editor could b
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person. Table 5: Public sphere char
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[32] Yang, S., H. Lee, and S. Kurni
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In March 2000, just a couple of mon
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society the gap will close [2]. The
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A New Roadmap for Next-Generation P
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needs and the activities of policy-
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[18] Moss, S., (2010). Policy Model
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2.1. National digital inclusion exp
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advanced initiatives specifically d
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involved later [22]. Several instit
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among lecturers and students parall
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2. COMPARATIVE E-GOVERNMENT IN LATI
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governments can innovate or be disc
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2. E-GOVERNMENT AS IS 2.1. E-Govern
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ankings on the formation of nationa
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Framework for Useful Transparency W
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are doing a good job overall in reg
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The Circular Continuum of Agencies,
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continue to rely on dial-up Interne
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this time the authors continue to w
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government agencies should consider
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The critical success factors for we
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include customers and competitors,
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Websites or columns for MFWs In thi
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According to our investigation, the
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Construction of Inter-regional Publ
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The Development of Public Smart Pho
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Stage Description 1 st stage (Simpl
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Understanding Citizens’ Perceptio
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performance compared to those provi
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Session 5 Information Sharing, Mode
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arising as a result of these two bi
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forms for the system. At the same t
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further investigation of the relati
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5.3.10 Commitment Both personal and
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law. Virginia Journal of Internatio
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available to others” [5]. Informa
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conflict around information sharing
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for understanding information polic
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primarily on the information flows
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On Public Service Provision Informa
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employs workflow management technol
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o Information. Represents any infor
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common documents repository at the
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Figure 15. Full model of Passport I
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142
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policies to prevent government agen
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ecause the majority of the shared i
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A Patent System Ontology for Facili
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uilt on top of the semantics of RDF
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dynamically derive relevancy based
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Figure 6. Cross-‐Reference betw
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Category II: After identifying some
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[8] De Nicola, A., Missikoff, M. an
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oral option, it also allows for a m
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mapping of citizens would ensure un
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Here the authors wish to extend the
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http://www.ecp.gov.pk/Reports/SPStr
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will enable to assess and confront
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The underlying DeLP process is as f
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Preparing for Digital Curation Gove
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semester hours. Nine of the forty-f
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REGNET: Regulatory Information Mana
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Search Terms/ Concepts References D
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4. COMPARATIVE STUDIES OF REGULATOR
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1105.4 [6] Content of Section 1105.
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Pollution Prevention Guide for Vehi
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From Information-Poor to Informatio
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To address the divide, specific gov
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ICT for Development and the MuNet P
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competencies and skills, contributi
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ICT Policy in Africa - A Comparativ
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essential and necessary to guide th
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Kenya it is the minister for Inform
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of existing Public Internet Access
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the policy process e.g. formulation
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Laggards or Victims of Socioeconomi
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Figure 3. Facilities & Services Enj
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Promoting user uptake of e-governme
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It was also decided that it was nec
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Session 8 Measurement 1
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technology (IT) projects by governm
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Gap = 5; The weak and unreliable In
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6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We are grateful
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aspects are hardly discussed as the
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service level agreements. The inter
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concensus of all participants, the
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Furthermore, it is understood from
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Mobile Technologies on the Internet
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of mothers. Based on this reason, w
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5.1.4 Precedence Plots Based on com
Page 262 and 263: 3 indicators are similar but not th
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Page 266 and 267: 7. CONCLUSION According to ORDIT an
Page 268 and 269: include but not limited to: payment
Page 270 and 271: Categories Only XSS (%) Table 2: Di
Page 272 and 273: From table 3, it can be deduced tha
Page 274: Session 9 Social Media in Governmen
Page 277 and 278: 1. What kind of social media servic
Page 279 and 280: 4.2.1 Facebook Usage Figure 3. Perc
Page 281 and 282: Government Crisis Communication on
Page 283 and 284: estoration theory. He termed it as
Page 285 and 286: Table 3. Strategies for Pre-crisis
Page 287 and 288: accounts, among which seven message
Page 289 and 290: information in the crisis event sta
Page 291 and 292: Government Official Microblogs: An
Page 293 and 294: It is worth mentioning that, while
Page 295 and 296: Managing Chinese Government Microbl
Page 297 and 298: due to their tremendous influence,
Page 299 and 300: 3. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This research is
Page 301 and 302: 3) Established year: to specify the
Page 303 and 304: Figure 6. Language used in Hong Kon
Page 306 and 307: E-Government and Transformation of
Page 308 and 309: and domestic as well as internation
Page 310 and 311: 4.6 Computerisation of Railway Tick
Page 314 and 315: Evaluating and Assessing a Typology
Page 316 and 317: Exhaustiveness indicates that all c
Page 318 and 319: Fig. 1 Spatial Unit Fig. 3. By whom
Page 320 and 321: SUPPLEMENTARY TABLE 1. RESULT OF SE
Page 322 and 323: Explaining the eGovernment Paradox:
Page 324 and 325: eGovernment services to a large ext
Page 326 and 327: policy agenda, as Heeks [10] says,
Page 328 and 329: Implementation Plan’s outcomes an
Page 330 and 331: Conference on eGovernment (pp. 90-9
Page 332 and 333: Investigating the Relationships bet
Page 334 and 335: hybrid or authoritarian regime. Bov
Page 336 and 337: Technologies, Tools and Web 2.0 in
Page 338 and 339: with resources, peers and experts w
Page 340 and 341: cluster were: Court Clerks; Court,
Page 342 and 343: (8 questions) and the third subpart
Page 344 and 345: http://ux.brookdalecc.edu/governanc
Page 346 and 347: the examination of the 311 program
Page 348 and 349: 3. CASE STUDY METHOD This study use
Page 350 and 351: discuss departmental performance at
Page 352 and 353: or laptop computers. Internet conne
Page 354 and 355: [2] Anavitarte, L. and Tratz-Ryan,
Page 357 and 358: A Literature Review: IT Governance
Page 359 and 360: Interviewees Useful? Table 3. Inter
Page 361 and 362: Assessment of Success Factors of e-
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In view of different theoretical ap
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approximate figure of 60% of intern
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difference between its priority and
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Computer Supported Contractor Selec
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(2) conduction of the public auctio
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E-Government Success Factors in the
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creating different incentives and p
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American and the Caribbean Institut
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* Note: A 7-points Likert scale was
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showed to be useful, for collecting
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Public CIO, Figurehead or Decision-
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4.2 Operative CIO The Operative CIO
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Session 12 Implementation & Impact
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NYSED is responsible for collecting
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considered markers that are able to
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many of the MDGs. The direct impact
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strongly believed that local govern
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Goal Variables Measurements 2 3 Com
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Hypothesis Variables Endogenous Exo
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[16] Joreskog, K.G., and Sorbom, D.
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GoN has addressed the challenge to
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Figures 6 and 7. Computer classes a
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ICT-enabled Delivery of Maternal He
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3. E-HEALTH 3.1 ICTs and Health Com
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Chart 1 [40] GHANA - Total Telephon
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change their behaviour, improve the
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activities such as the MoTeCH partn
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If We Build it Will They Come? A Mi
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The methodology contains inherent l
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information about their broadband s
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Session 13 E-democracy & Participat
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attempt to influence future behavio
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Evidence shows that cognitive facto
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success factors for eParticipation[
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structure of the forum as well as t
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government as well as augmenting di
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Figure 1: Message content 4.3 Messa
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Figure 6: Associated levels 4.10 At
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improve the government management e
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Session 14 Information Structure
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2. HEALTHCARE IN RURAL INDIA Health
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Cloud Data Center Internet Service
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Reliability of data: data collected
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Information System (NHIS). A Nation
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charge are either not aware of the
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from this medium. Additional securi
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attacks require the adversary to ma
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actions with yet unknown recipients
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Session 15 Measurement 2
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2. LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Electronic
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Among the main limitations and chal
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Furthermore, our study demonstrates
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E-Government Portals in Central Ame
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13 Guadaloupe 31.74 14.19 14 Aruba
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Evolving e-Government Benchmarking
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judgments are made about the qualit
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percentage of online availability o
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methodology, and few national gover
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integrating them worth it? Because
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Impacts of the Public Procurement R
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Not all the municipalities have the
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3. HYPHOTESIS AND RELEVANT QUESTION
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58% of the buyers believe that the
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A strategy of evolution of the mark
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Posters
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Russian Federation legislative prop
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Figure 1. Document Flow and E-DRM P
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We further assume that each key tar
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egion that is more representative o
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2.2 C-DAC C-DAC’s PARAM series of
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The Metropolitan Area Planning Coun
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expanded functionality in three are
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For each case, semi-structured inte
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Figure 1. Comparative analysis on t
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projects and their on-site images.
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key challenges of Enterprise System
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5. PART THREE: E GOVERNMENT APPLICA
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Following the research objectives,
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From Inter-Agency Information Shari
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479
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more and more valuable with the gro
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Implementation of Integrated Tax Sy
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Information Sharing in Inter-depart
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Interagency Collaboration in Provid
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489
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noted. The list of basic e-services
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the description of procedure for mo
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Opportunities for Improving eGovern
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Prioritization and Geo-Spatiotempor
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[4] R.Bruggemann and Ganapati P. Pa
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equirements. A direct communication
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Stage - 2: Here the actual software
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membership associations, recreation
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Fig 1 : Agriculture Revolution 3. P
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sector, private sector, and civil s
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System For Measuring e-Gov: A Multi
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The Digital Divide’s Devaluing of
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[3] Coursey, D., & Norris, D.F. (20
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In Brazil, electronic accessibility
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2) The areas to which mobile and wi
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2. OVERVIEW OF DISTRICT MAPPING The
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3.4 Driving License Driving License
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and socio-economic backgrounds. The
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Figure - 2: eGovernment Implementat
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Tutorial: Digital Curation for Publ
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ut also provide sufficient detail o
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ABM is known as a bottom-up simulat
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5.2 Relation to Empirics “Where d
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Larson, Elizabeth .................
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