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expanded functionality in three areas: database navigation, data access, and data structure. Additional webpages were added to improve the database navigation and usefulness. These changes include a (1) search page, including a map or table of results, (2) dynamic reports summarizing the total number and size of projects that meet specific search criteria, and (3) a project detail and editing page. The search and dynamic reports features include searching by municipality, by project size and status, as well as for projects permitted under specific regulations. Phase II of the database will also allow users to extract information for the entire region of for certain specific search criteria. This feature will allow downloading data in tabular (CSV) and spatial (KML) formats. Finally, the data structure of the database has also been modified. In addition to identifying a project’s point location, the website will assign one or more affected land parcels. The website will also collect and display a larger set of project attributes than the first version, including information about developers, designers, and contractors, which may prompt more inputs from the real estate development community. 3.2.4 User Model The second phase of the development database will introduce user levels allowing different types of users to participate in the project. o The public will have read-only access to the data, as well as some limited search and downloading functionality. o Registered users will be able to set a preferred municipality, download data more easily, and enter new projects or edit the attributes of existing projects. However, these contributions will be moderated. o Approved users will include municipal staff or other municipal representative (such as a citizen serving on a local board or commission) will be able to edit projects in their municipality, as well as moderate the contributions of all registered users for their town. To incentivize participation, the project team is considering integrating game-like elements and mechanics. These might include a “leaderboard” listing users who make the most contributions, “badges” to encourage users to perform certain actions such as editing several projects or providing different types of information. 4. CONCLUSION Despite rapid advances in web-based technologies for creating and sharing geographic information, significant barriers remain for developing spatial information. In particular, regional planning in the United States often requires obtaining information from many independent municipalities. This project represents an innovative hybrid approach to solve this problem for one class of spatial information, development projects. MAPC continues to 463 develop relationships with municipal staff, which may include occasional requests to view and update municipal data and interactions which may lead to formalized sharing practices. The development database will also seek to use a crowdsourcing methodology to enable members of the general public with a particular interest in urban development to contribute and use development data. Phase I of the project demonstrates the potential for new technologies to significantly enhance the volume and accuracy of information sharing in favorable interorganizational and policy contexts. 5. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The other MAPC staff involved in the project includes Barry Fradkin and Meghna Dutta. The project is funded by the Boston Metropolitan Planning Organization and a Sustainable Communities Regional Planning Grant from the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. 6. REFERENCES [1] Azad, B., and Wiggins, L., "Dynamics of Inter- Organizational Geographic Data Sharing: A Conceptual Framework for Research", in (Onsrud, H.J., and Rushton, G., 'eds.'): Sharing Geographic Information, Rutgers Center for Urban Policy Research, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 1995 [2] Nedovic-Budic, Z., and Warnecke, L., "Gis Database Development and Exchange: Interaction Mechanisms and Motivations", Spatial Data Infrastructures in Context: North and South, 2011, pp. 69. [3] Pardo, T.A., and Tayi, G.K., "Interorganizational Information Integration: A Key Enabler for Digital Government", Government Information Quarterly, 24(4), 2007, pp. 691-715. [4] Gil-Garcia, J.R., Chun, S.A., and Janssen, M., "Government Information Sharing and Integration: Combining the Social and the Technical", Information Polity, 14(1), 2009, pp. 1- 10. [5] Landsbergen Jr, D., and Wolken Jr, G., "Realizing the Promise: Government Information Systems and the Fourth Generation of Information Technology", Public Administration Review, 61(2), 2001, pp. 206-220. [6] Malone, T., Laubacher, R., and Dellarocas, C., "The Collective Intelligence Genome", Sloan Management Review, 51(3), 2010, pp. 21-31. [7] Goodchild, M.F., "Citizens as Sensors: The World of Volunteered Geography", GeoJournal, 69(4), 2007, pp. 211- 221. [8] Linders, D., "We-Government: An Anatomy of Citizen Coproduction in the Information Age", Digital Government Society Dg.o 11, 2011
Drivers for Public Sector Contests ABSTRACT This study investigates the use of technology-enabled open innovation practices in public sector agencies. It draws on theories from the corporate sector and empirical data collected from government agencies in the U.S. federal government. Based on preliminary insights from public managers responsible for the design of challenges and prizes as an innovative form of open innovation we derive an open innovation research framework. The main factors influencing the decision to adopt an open innovation approach in the public sector include organizational, project, and individual level factors. Categories and Subject Descriptors K.4.3 [Organizational Impacts]: Computer-Supported Collaborative Work General Terms Management, Theory Keywords Open Innovation, Distributed Innovation, Public Sector 1. INTRODUCTION In recent years we have witnessed a shift in the innovation landscape of organizations from closed to more open models which embrace input into processes, design elements, or innovative campaigns from the organization’s stakeholders. This emerging trend is enabled by the internet and social media which allow the easy flow of information and connection to widely dispersed experts and enthusiasts [2]. Originating as a private sector practice, government agencies have begun to embrace this open approach to problem solving. In the US Federal government, Challenges and Prizes were introduced as a tool to help agencies find cost-effective and innovative solutions to the nation’s problems. In a memo issued from the White House Office of Management and Budget (OMB) in March 2010 [6] executive departments and agencies were specifically encouraged to increase their capacity to support, design and manage prizes, whether acting alone or in collaboration with external partners. The memo also articulated the administration’s intention to make Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, to republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. ICEGOV '12, October 22 - 25 2012, Albany, NY, United States, NY, USA Copyright 2012 ACM 978-1-4503-1200-4/12/10…$15.00. Claudia Louis Syracuse University School of Information Studies 315-443-4508 calouis@syr.edu 464 a web-based platform (Challenge.gov) available to support the practice. As an emerging area in e-government research, there are many unanswered questions concerning the use of the web and social media for innovation practices in government agencies. This study draws on private sector theories, combined with empirical data collected from government agencies to investigate the following research questions: i) why do public sector agencies decide to use technology-enabled open innovation practices as opposed to traditional methods? ii) Why are there variations among the patterns of use by various agencies? Investigation will focus on the use of a web-based crowdsourcing platform in US Federal Government agencies which solicits citizen participation in solving problems through the use of contests and challenges. The outcome is a multi-level framework to represent the organizational determinants of an open approach to problem solving in the public sector. 2. OPEN INNOVATION AND CROWDSOURCING Openness in innovation refers to the practice of embracing outside participation as well as sharing with others on the outside [3]. Crowdsourcing is a subset of open innovation, and refers to the practice of outsourcing to crowds. Organizations make the details of their problems publicly available, and invite potential solvers to submit solutions. An example of such activity is the initiative by LEGO to get ideas for new models by soliciting submissions from customers, with payment of financial rewards for viable submissions. Likewise the shirt retailer Threadless sells merchandise designed based on customer submissions [1]. While some advocate the transferring of private sector innovation theories to the public sector, the unique attributes of public sector organizations cannot be ignored. For example the bureaucratic nature with hierarchical structures, strict rules, and conventional work patterns sometimes make it difficult to try out unconventional or risky ideas [5]. However that does not diminish the potential contribution of open innovation practices to public sector operations. 3. METHOD The investigation took the form of a multiple case study examining 28 open innovation projects utilizing the challenges and prizes format. Cases were selected across 17 agencies and based on the category of the challenge project. Stratified purposeful sampling was used to ensure proportional distribution in each of the four categories identified from earlier analysis of the Challenge.gov website.
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2012 ALBANY, NEW YORK UNITED STATES
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Foreword The 6 th International Con
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Table of Contents Forward .........
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Session 10: ICTs & Governance Trans
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o Revival of Farming Community with
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International Steering Committee Jo
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Jim DAVIES, Computing Laboratory, U
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Session 1 Open Government Data
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the combination of their moral sent
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involve the creation of a Network o
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approach [28] to expose indicators
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4. IMPLENTING PAR In order to come
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conclusions that might arise rom th
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6.3 Large Scale Implementation In r
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Implementation Framework for Open D
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2) Usage: Assessed by quantifying t
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Increasing Kenyan Open Data Consump
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insight into available data resourc
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New Perspectives for Electronic Gov
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Not without reason therefore that t
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Another principle adopted by this s
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access to public information, chang
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Open Government 2.0: Citizen Empowe
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As a third finding, we also found a
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Session 2 E-democracy & Participati
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two polarized (optimistic or utopia
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through aggregating, shaping, and c
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in-depth expert interviews, and wer
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government made of citizens’ cont
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[8] Putman, R.D. 1994. Making Democ
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The third stream of studies reviewe
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interests, gaining access to inform
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2. THEORETICAL FOUNDATION 2.1 The P
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epresentatives from the three main
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While letters to the editor could b
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person. Table 5: Public sphere char
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[32] Yang, S., H. Lee, and S. Kurni
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In March 2000, just a couple of mon
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society the gap will close [2]. The
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A New Roadmap for Next-Generation P
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needs and the activities of policy-
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[18] Moss, S., (2010). Policy Model
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2.1. National digital inclusion exp
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advanced initiatives specifically d
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involved later [22]. Several instit
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among lecturers and students parall
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2. COMPARATIVE E-GOVERNMENT IN LATI
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governments can innovate or be disc
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2. E-GOVERNMENT AS IS 2.1. E-Govern
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ankings on the formation of nationa
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Framework for Useful Transparency W
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are doing a good job overall in reg
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The Circular Continuum of Agencies,
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continue to rely on dial-up Interne
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this time the authors continue to w
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government agencies should consider
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The critical success factors for we
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include customers and competitors,
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Websites or columns for MFWs In thi
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According to our investigation, the
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Construction of Inter-regional Publ
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The Development of Public Smart Pho
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Stage Description 1 st stage (Simpl
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Understanding Citizens’ Perceptio
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performance compared to those provi
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Session 5 Information Sharing, Mode
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arising as a result of these two bi
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forms for the system. At the same t
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further investigation of the relati
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5.3.10 Commitment Both personal and
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law. Virginia Journal of Internatio
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available to others” [5]. Informa
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conflict around information sharing
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for understanding information polic
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primarily on the information flows
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On Public Service Provision Informa
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employs workflow management technol
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o Information. Represents any infor
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common documents repository at the
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Figure 15. Full model of Passport I
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142
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policies to prevent government agen
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ecause the majority of the shared i
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A Patent System Ontology for Facili
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uilt on top of the semantics of RDF
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dynamically derive relevancy based
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Figure 6. Cross-‐Reference betw
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Category II: After identifying some
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[8] De Nicola, A., Missikoff, M. an
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oral option, it also allows for a m
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mapping of citizens would ensure un
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Here the authors wish to extend the
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http://www.ecp.gov.pk/Reports/SPStr
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will enable to assess and confront
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The underlying DeLP process is as f
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Preparing for Digital Curation Gove
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semester hours. Nine of the forty-f
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REGNET: Regulatory Information Mana
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Search Terms/ Concepts References D
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4. COMPARATIVE STUDIES OF REGULATOR
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1105.4 [6] Content of Section 1105.
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Pollution Prevention Guide for Vehi
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From Information-Poor to Informatio
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To address the divide, specific gov
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ICT for Development and the MuNet P
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competencies and skills, contributi
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ICT Policy in Africa - A Comparativ
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essential and necessary to guide th
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Kenya it is the minister for Inform
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of existing Public Internet Access
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the policy process e.g. formulation
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Laggards or Victims of Socioeconomi
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Figure 3. Facilities & Services Enj
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Promoting user uptake of e-governme
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It was also decided that it was nec
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Session 8 Measurement 1
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technology (IT) projects by governm
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Gap = 5; The weak and unreliable In
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6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We are grateful
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aspects are hardly discussed as the
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service level agreements. The inter
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concensus of all participants, the
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Furthermore, it is understood from
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Mobile Technologies on the Internet
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of mothers. Based on this reason, w
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5.1.4 Precedence Plots Based on com
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3 indicators are similar but not th
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Latitude 10°�S 9°�S 8°�S 7
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7. CONCLUSION According to ORDIT an
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include but not limited to: payment
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Categories Only XSS (%) Table 2: Di
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From table 3, it can be deduced tha
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Session 9 Social Media in Governmen
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1. What kind of social media servic
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4.2.1 Facebook Usage Figure 3. Perc
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Government Crisis Communication on
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estoration theory. He termed it as
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Table 3. Strategies for Pre-crisis
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accounts, among which seven message
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information in the crisis event sta
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Government Official Microblogs: An
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It is worth mentioning that, while
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Managing Chinese Government Microbl
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due to their tremendous influence,
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3. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This research is
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3) Established year: to specify the
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Figure 6. Language used in Hong Kon
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E-Government and Transformation of
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and domestic as well as internation
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4.6 Computerisation of Railway Tick
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abysmally low (2.25). In addition t
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Evaluating and Assessing a Typology
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Exhaustiveness indicates that all c
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Fig. 1 Spatial Unit Fig. 3. By whom
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SUPPLEMENTARY TABLE 1. RESULT OF SE
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Explaining the eGovernment Paradox:
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eGovernment services to a large ext
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policy agenda, as Heeks [10] says,
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Implementation Plan’s outcomes an
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Conference on eGovernment (pp. 90-9
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Investigating the Relationships bet
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hybrid or authoritarian regime. Bov
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Technologies, Tools and Web 2.0 in
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with resources, peers and experts w
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cluster were: Court Clerks; Court,
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(8 questions) and the third subpart
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http://ux.brookdalecc.edu/governanc
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the examination of the 311 program
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3. CASE STUDY METHOD This study use
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discuss departmental performance at
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or laptop computers. Internet conne
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[2] Anavitarte, L. and Tratz-Ryan,
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A Literature Review: IT Governance
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Interviewees Useful? Table 3. Inter
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Assessment of Success Factors of e-
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In view of different theoretical ap
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approximate figure of 60% of intern
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difference between its priority and
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Computer Supported Contractor Selec
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(2) conduction of the public auctio
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E-Government Success Factors in the
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creating different incentives and p
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American and the Caribbean Institut
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* Note: A 7-points Likert scale was
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showed to be useful, for collecting
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Public CIO, Figurehead or Decision-
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4.2 Operative CIO The Operative CIO
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Session 12 Implementation & Impact
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NYSED is responsible for collecting
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considered markers that are able to
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many of the MDGs. The direct impact
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strongly believed that local govern
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Goal Variables Measurements 2 3 Com
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Hypothesis Variables Endogenous Exo
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[16] Joreskog, K.G., and Sorbom, D.
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GoN has addressed the challenge to
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Figures 6 and 7. Computer classes a
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ICT-enabled Delivery of Maternal He
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3. E-HEALTH 3.1 ICTs and Health Com
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Chart 1 [40] GHANA - Total Telephon
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change their behaviour, improve the
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activities such as the MoTeCH partn
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If We Build it Will They Come? A Mi
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The methodology contains inherent l
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information about their broadband s
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Session 13 E-democracy & Participat
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attempt to influence future behavio
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Evidence shows that cognitive facto
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success factors for eParticipation[
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structure of the forum as well as t
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government as well as augmenting di
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Figure 1: Message content 4.3 Messa
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Figure 6: Associated levels 4.10 At
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improve the government management e
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Session 14 Information Structure
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2. HEALTHCARE IN RURAL INDIA Health
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Cloud Data Center Internet Service
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Reliability of data: data collected
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Information System (NHIS). A Nation
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charge are either not aware of the
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from this medium. Additional securi
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attacks require the adversary to ma
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Page 538 and 539: noted. The list of basic e-services
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The Digital Divide’s Devaluing of
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[3] Coursey, D., & Norris, D.F. (20
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In Brazil, electronic accessibility
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2) The areas to which mobile and wi
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2. OVERVIEW OF DISTRICT MAPPING The
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3.4 Driving License Driving License
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and socio-economic backgrounds. The
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Figure - 2: eGovernment Implementat
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Tutorial: Digital Curation for Publ
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ut also provide sufficient detail o
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ABM is known as a bottom-up simulat
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5.2 Relation to Empirics “Where d
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Larson, Elizabeth .................
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