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While letters to the editor could be said to be a genre in itself, there are some significant differences in style and form. As could be expected from a mature medium, there are a limited number of genres to be found. Except for the “poem” genre, the main difference between the genres in the letters to the editor section lies in the level of formality and how the arguments are presented. Some letters are kept in a formal tone and based on facts, while others are more personal, some bordering on libelous. In the beginning there were several voices represented, but as the case progresses the activists, who were against development, produced the vast majority of letters. Letters tend to become more aggressive over time, with a somewhat increased focus on individuals and less on formal, fact-based debate. As it is mainly those opposing development who write to the paper, there is little direct debate. However, a number of the writers address politicians by name, citing things the politician(s) said in council meetings or other places. All in all, the genre system of the editorial column functions well for disseminating ones ideas, somewhat well for debate (although the slow speed of print means you have to pay close attention if you want to catch who is addressing whom), and the majority of letters are at least somewhat fact-based and formal. The genres in this system are presented in table 2. The first two rows describe the purpose and actors of the genre system (letters to the editor), while the rest of the table is a 5W1H analysis of the individual genres identified within the genre system. System: why System: whose Table 2: Genre system in newspaper editorial section Promote and conduct debate about local issues Owned and edited by the local newspaper. Open to everyone, but editors decide who gets printed Genre Opinion, formal Opinion, informal Where Newspaper Newspaper Why When Who What How Convince others through presenting facts Continuously, more when case is processed in city council or during election time Activist to citizen/politicians Developer to citizen/politicians Presents a view, followed by supporting facts and arguments Letters are sent to the editor and Convince others through appeals to emotions Continuously, more when case is processed in city council or during election time Activist to citizen/politicians Presents a view, supported by emotional statements or unsupported views Letters are sent to the editor and published. 53 Relation to table1 published. Dialogue, contribution Dialogue Genre Poem Personal attacks Where Newspaper Newspaper Why When Who What How Relation to table1 Gain attention through an unusual genre Infrequently, no set pattern Activist/citizen to citizens Short rhymes, aimed at touching people’s emotions Letters are sent to the editor and published Vent own feelings, discredit the one being attacked Continuously, more when case is processed in city council or during election time, or when newspaper editorial have written positively about development Activist to politicians/developer/news editor None None Points to previous letter or quote and argues against it. Some simply claim the person being attacked is less gifted because s/he means what s/he means Letters are sent to the editor and published. All the Facebook groups we found were run by activists, and most of the participants in the groups were either activists or citizens supporting the activists’ opposition to development. There were also a lot of passive members who did not contribute in the discussions on the wall, whereof some were representatives of the city council or the media that joined in order to follow what the activists were saying and planning. There are some noteworthy differences between the two genre systems. In social media we see many of the same genres, but also some new ones where functionality of the medium plays an important role. The links genre makes use of the networked nature of the Internet to provide fast access to information stored elsewhere, and link targets often contain multimedia content. Multimedia also helps to enrich some of the other genres. The formal and informal opinion genres are present in both the “old” and “new” media, but are enacted somewhat differently in new media. In the Facebook groups we see a lot of images and also some videos made by the activists to show how the planned development will impact the surroundings. These provide valuable extra information that can be difficult to present in a printed medium with limited space. On the other hand, the postings on Facebook tend to be shorter, and there is less fact-based discussion and postings seem to be more improvised, which provides less information than the longer and more thought-out letters to the editor. Another difference is the spontaneous “greetings/cheers” genre, where people will congratulate each other, or citizens will write a short post to show their support for the activists’ case. This kind
of informal communication is not likely to be printed, as it does not contribute to the debate, but nonetheless acts as important feedback and perhaps a moral boost to the activists. System: why System: whose Table 3: Genre system in social media Activist groups fighting against the planned development Owned by activist groups or individuals, open to everyone but mostly participants are opposed to development Genre Opinion, formal Opinion, informal Where Facebook group wall Facebook group wall Why Convince others through presenting facts When Ongoing Ongoing Who What How Relation to table1 Activist to activist/citizen Presents a view, followed by supporting facts and arguments. Often with links, pictures, video Group members post messages on wall Present short opinion on something Activist to activist/citizen Presents a view, supported by emotional statements or unsupported views. Sometimes with links, pictures, video Dialogue, contribution Dialogue Group members post messages on wall Genre Call to action Personal attacks Where Facebook group wall Facebook group wall Why When Get people to act on something Before city council meetings or other events where there is a need to do something Who Activist to activist What How Relation to table1 Invites people to participate in demonstrations, contact politicians or cast their vote in a certain way Group members post messages on wall Discredit opponents Ongoing Involvement None Activist to developer, politicians Often unprovoked short comments claiming a named person or group are in the wrong Group members post messages on wall Genre Links Greetings/cheers Where Facebook group wall Facebook group wall Why When Ongoing Who Inform others about content posted elsewhere Activist to activist/citizen Congratulate each other after victories, raise morale When the city council vote in favor of activists Activist/citizen to activists 54 What How Relation to table1 Links to other online spaces, often multimedia content Group members post messages on wall, often with a short comment Dialogue None Positive comments about a recent event, or about the activists’’ work Group members post messages on wall 5.2 Public Sphere and Social Capital The second part of the research question was how these genre systems contribute to the public sphere. To measure this the framework of [28] is applied. The framework analyses the public sphere using Dahlberg’s criteria for a public sphere (see section 2.1), as well as looking for network effects to help spread the content of the discussion to more people, the type of community being supported, and the type of public sphere being supported. As social capital is said to influence who participates in a public sphere, social capital is also measured using the constructs mentioned in section 2.2. Together, these constructs helps us to understand how the communication spaces we are examining supports a public sphere, and thus how valuable they are in maintaining democratic ideals. Table 4: Public sphere characteristics of "old" media Theory Concept Case observations Public sphere Social Capital Dahlberg’s criteria Partially present, but participants are not attempting to understand the others’ perspective. Debate is fairly rational and reflective Network effects Letters are read and distributed to others, and often answered or followed up in new letters. community Readers and writers all belong to the same local community, some have regular contact outside of editorial columns Type of PS Discourse-based (after some time more towards political protest) Bridging Letters are read by both those who agree with and those who oppose the author’s position Bonding Shows others of the same opinion that they are not alone, helps bring the community closer together (for activists. The developer is more on his own). Trust & reciprocity Maintained social capital Is less of an issue in old media, as there is an editorial middleman who decides what is printed and not. Writers address each other by name, even though they may not meet in
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2012 ALBANY, NEW YORK UNITED STATES
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Foreword The 6 th International Con
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Table of Contents Forward .........
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Session 10: ICTs & Governance Trans
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o Revival of Farming Community with
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International Steering Committee Jo
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Jim DAVIES, Computing Laboratory, U
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Session 1 Open Government Data
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the combination of their moral sent
Page 21 and 22: involve the creation of a Network o
Page 23 and 24: approach [28] to expose indicators
Page 25 and 26: 4. IMPLENTING PAR In order to come
Page 27 and 28: conclusions that might arise rom th
Page 29 and 30: 6.3 Large Scale Implementation In r
Page 31 and 32: Implementation Framework for Open D
Page 33 and 34: 2) Usage: Assessed by quantifying t
Page 35 and 36: Increasing Kenyan Open Data Consump
Page 37 and 38: insight into available data resourc
Page 39 and 40: New Perspectives for Electronic Gov
Page 41 and 42: Not without reason therefore that t
Page 43 and 44: Another principle adopted by this s
Page 45 and 46: access to public information, chang
Page 47 and 48: Open Government 2.0: Citizen Empowe
Page 49 and 50: As a third finding, we also found a
Page 51: Session 2 E-democracy & Participati
Page 54 and 55: two polarized (optimistic or utopia
Page 56 and 57: through aggregating, shaping, and c
Page 58 and 59: in-depth expert interviews, and wer
Page 60 and 61: government made of citizens’ cont
Page 62 and 63: [8] Putman, R.D. 1994. Making Democ
Page 64 and 65: The third stream of studies reviewe
Page 66 and 67: interests, gaining access to inform
Page 68 and 69: 2. THEORETICAL FOUNDATION 2.1 The P
Page 70 and 71: epresentatives from the three main
Page 74 and 75: person. Table 5: Public sphere char
Page 76 and 77: [32] Yang, S., H. Lee, and S. Kurni
Page 78 and 79: In March 2000, just a couple of mon
Page 80 and 81: society the gap will close [2]. The
Page 83 and 84: A New Roadmap for Next-Generation P
Page 85 and 86: needs and the activities of policy-
Page 87 and 88: [18] Moss, S., (2010). Policy Model
Page 89 and 90: 2.1. National digital inclusion exp
Page 91 and 92: advanced initiatives specifically d
Page 93 and 94: involved later [22]. Several instit
Page 95 and 96: among lecturers and students parall
Page 97 and 98: 2. COMPARATIVE E-GOVERNMENT IN LATI
Page 99 and 100: governments can innovate or be disc
Page 101 and 102: 2. E-GOVERNMENT AS IS 2.1. E-Govern
Page 103 and 104: ankings on the formation of nationa
Page 106 and 107: Framework for Useful Transparency W
Page 108 and 109: are doing a good job overall in reg
Page 110 and 111: The Circular Continuum of Agencies,
Page 112 and 113: continue to rely on dial-up Interne
Page 114 and 115: this time the authors continue to w
Page 116 and 117: government agencies should consider
Page 118 and 119: The critical success factors for we
Page 120 and 121: include customers and competitors,
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Websites or columns for MFWs In thi
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According to our investigation, the
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Construction of Inter-regional Publ
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The Development of Public Smart Pho
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Stage Description 1 st stage (Simpl
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Understanding Citizens’ Perceptio
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performance compared to those provi
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Session 5 Information Sharing, Mode
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arising as a result of these two bi
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forms for the system. At the same t
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further investigation of the relati
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5.3.10 Commitment Both personal and
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law. Virginia Journal of Internatio
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available to others” [5]. Informa
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conflict around information sharing
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for understanding information polic
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primarily on the information flows
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On Public Service Provision Informa
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employs workflow management technol
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o Information. Represents any infor
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common documents repository at the
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Figure 15. Full model of Passport I
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142
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policies to prevent government agen
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ecause the majority of the shared i
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A Patent System Ontology for Facili
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uilt on top of the semantics of RDF
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dynamically derive relevancy based
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Figure 6. Cross-‐Reference betw
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Category II: After identifying some
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[8] De Nicola, A., Missikoff, M. an
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oral option, it also allows for a m
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mapping of citizens would ensure un
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Here the authors wish to extend the
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http://www.ecp.gov.pk/Reports/SPStr
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will enable to assess and confront
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The underlying DeLP process is as f
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Preparing for Digital Curation Gove
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semester hours. Nine of the forty-f
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REGNET: Regulatory Information Mana
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Search Terms/ Concepts References D
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4. COMPARATIVE STUDIES OF REGULATOR
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1105.4 [6] Content of Section 1105.
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Pollution Prevention Guide for Vehi
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From Information-Poor to Informatio
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To address the divide, specific gov
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ICT for Development and the MuNet P
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competencies and skills, contributi
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ICT Policy in Africa - A Comparativ
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essential and necessary to guide th
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Kenya it is the minister for Inform
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of existing Public Internet Access
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the policy process e.g. formulation
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Laggards or Victims of Socioeconomi
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Figure 3. Facilities & Services Enj
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Promoting user uptake of e-governme
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It was also decided that it was nec
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Session 8 Measurement 1
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technology (IT) projects by governm
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Gap = 5; The weak and unreliable In
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6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We are grateful
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aspects are hardly discussed as the
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service level agreements. The inter
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concensus of all participants, the
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Furthermore, it is understood from
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Mobile Technologies on the Internet
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of mothers. Based on this reason, w
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5.1.4 Precedence Plots Based on com
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3 indicators are similar but not th
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Latitude 10°�S 9°�S 8°�S 7
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7. CONCLUSION According to ORDIT an
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include but not limited to: payment
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Categories Only XSS (%) Table 2: Di
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From table 3, it can be deduced tha
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Session 9 Social Media in Governmen
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1. What kind of social media servic
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4.2.1 Facebook Usage Figure 3. Perc
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Government Crisis Communication on
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estoration theory. He termed it as
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Table 3. Strategies for Pre-crisis
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accounts, among which seven message
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information in the crisis event sta
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Government Official Microblogs: An
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It is worth mentioning that, while
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Managing Chinese Government Microbl
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due to their tremendous influence,
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3. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This research is
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3) Established year: to specify the
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Figure 6. Language used in Hong Kon
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E-Government and Transformation of
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and domestic as well as internation
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4.6 Computerisation of Railway Tick
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abysmally low (2.25). In addition t
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Evaluating and Assessing a Typology
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Exhaustiveness indicates that all c
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Fig. 1 Spatial Unit Fig. 3. By whom
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SUPPLEMENTARY TABLE 1. RESULT OF SE
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Explaining the eGovernment Paradox:
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eGovernment services to a large ext
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policy agenda, as Heeks [10] says,
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Implementation Plan’s outcomes an
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Conference on eGovernment (pp. 90-9
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Investigating the Relationships bet
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hybrid or authoritarian regime. Bov
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Technologies, Tools and Web 2.0 in
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with resources, peers and experts w
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cluster were: Court Clerks; Court,
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(8 questions) and the third subpart
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http://ux.brookdalecc.edu/governanc
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the examination of the 311 program
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3. CASE STUDY METHOD This study use
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discuss departmental performance at
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or laptop computers. Internet conne
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[2] Anavitarte, L. and Tratz-Ryan,
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A Literature Review: IT Governance
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Interviewees Useful? Table 3. Inter
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Assessment of Success Factors of e-
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In view of different theoretical ap
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approximate figure of 60% of intern
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difference between its priority and
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Computer Supported Contractor Selec
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(2) conduction of the public auctio
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E-Government Success Factors in the
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creating different incentives and p
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American and the Caribbean Institut
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* Note: A 7-points Likert scale was
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showed to be useful, for collecting
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Public CIO, Figurehead or Decision-
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4.2 Operative CIO The Operative CIO
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Session 12 Implementation & Impact
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NYSED is responsible for collecting
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considered markers that are able to
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many of the MDGs. The direct impact
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strongly believed that local govern
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Goal Variables Measurements 2 3 Com
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Hypothesis Variables Endogenous Exo
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[16] Joreskog, K.G., and Sorbom, D.
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GoN has addressed the challenge to
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Figures 6 and 7. Computer classes a
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ICT-enabled Delivery of Maternal He
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3. E-HEALTH 3.1 ICTs and Health Com
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Chart 1 [40] GHANA - Total Telephon
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change their behaviour, improve the
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activities such as the MoTeCH partn
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If We Build it Will They Come? A Mi
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The methodology contains inherent l
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information about their broadband s
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Session 13 E-democracy & Participat
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attempt to influence future behavio
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Evidence shows that cognitive facto
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success factors for eParticipation[
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structure of the forum as well as t
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government as well as augmenting di
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Figure 1: Message content 4.3 Messa
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Figure 6: Associated levels 4.10 At
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improve the government management e
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Session 14 Information Structure
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2. HEALTHCARE IN RURAL INDIA Health
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Cloud Data Center Internet Service
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Reliability of data: data collected
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Information System (NHIS). A Nation
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charge are either not aware of the
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from this medium. Additional securi
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attacks require the adversary to ma
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actions with yet unknown recipients
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Session 15 Measurement 2
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2. LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Electronic
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Among the main limitations and chal
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Furthermore, our study demonstrates
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E-Government Portals in Central Ame
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13 Guadaloupe 31.74 14.19 14 Aruba
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Evolving e-Government Benchmarking
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judgments are made about the qualit
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percentage of online availability o
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methodology, and few national gover
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integrating them worth it? Because
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Impacts of the Public Procurement R
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Not all the municipalities have the
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3. HYPHOTESIS AND RELEVANT QUESTION
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58% of the buyers believe that the
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A strategy of evolution of the mark
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Posters
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Russian Federation legislative prop
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Figure 1. Document Flow and E-DRM P
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We further assume that each key tar
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egion that is more representative o
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2.2 C-DAC C-DAC’s PARAM series of
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The Metropolitan Area Planning Coun
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expanded functionality in three are
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For each case, semi-structured inte
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Figure 1. Comparative analysis on t
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projects and their on-site images.
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key challenges of Enterprise System
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5. PART THREE: E GOVERNMENT APPLICA
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Following the research objectives,
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From Inter-Agency Information Shari
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479
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more and more valuable with the gro
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Implementation of Integrated Tax Sy
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Information Sharing in Inter-depart
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Interagency Collaboration in Provid
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489
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noted. The list of basic e-services
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the description of procedure for mo
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Opportunities for Improving eGovern
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Prioritization and Geo-Spatiotempor
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[4] R.Bruggemann and Ganapati P. Pa
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equirements. A direct communication
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Stage - 2: Here the actual software
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membership associations, recreation
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Fig 1 : Agriculture Revolution 3. P
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sector, private sector, and civil s
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System For Measuring e-Gov: A Multi
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The Digital Divide’s Devaluing of
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[3] Coursey, D., & Norris, D.F. (20
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In Brazil, electronic accessibility
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2) The areas to which mobile and wi
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2. OVERVIEW OF DISTRICT MAPPING The
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3.4 Driving License Driving License
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and socio-economic backgrounds. The
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Figure - 2: eGovernment Implementat
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Tutorial: Digital Curation for Publ
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ut also provide sufficient detail o
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ABM is known as a bottom-up simulat
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5.2 Relation to Empirics “Where d
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Larson, Elizabeth .................
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