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2.1.4 Technological Maturity of Microblogs The microblog applications and platforms continue to mature, which guarantees the sustainable operation of government microblogs. Some interviewees pointed out that microblog platforms such as Sina and Tencent are easy to operate, stable in technology, and mature in functionality with friendly user experience. Therefore, the technological risks for the government to run microblogs have been minimized. 2.1.5 International Influence In recent years, employing social media by government has become a global trend and has created huge impacts. In many countries, government agencies and senior officials use social media for political elections and political communication. Some interviewees in this research believed that this international trend has also influenced China to some extent, and propelled Chinese government agencies to run microblogs to interact with the public. 2.2 Internal Enablers for Government Microblogs 2.2.1 Leadership Attention and Supports The rapid development of microblogs has gained great attention from many government leaders. Some government microblog accounts were opened at their direct requests. One interviewee mentioned, “The leaders in our bureau placed serious emphasis on government microblogs. The project was fully funded and staffed, while trainings and working sessions were held regularly. Leaders in various offices and institutions opened their own personal microblogs to interact with our institutional microblog.” 2.2.2 Abundant Information Resources in Government At present, government possesses a wealth of information resources to support the operations of government microblogs. As many civil servants mentioned, government is now the largest reservoir of authoritative, reliable and timely information in society, with strong potential to disseminate information, deliver targeted information services, and respond promptly to the public response. 2.2.3 Advantages in Human Resources Some civil servants pointed out that the government had considerable advantages in human resources, which could contribute to the operation of government microblogs. The advantages are generally twofold. One is the human resources within the government. “China has a large number of civil servants”, an interviewee pointed out, “many of them are young and mastered with network technologies. They are potential microblog managers.” The other is the human resources outside the government. “Government can also use external human resources, such as experts, scholars and overseas returnees. These people could be invited as trainers and researchers to enhance the operational capability of government microblog managers.” 2.2.4 Secured Funding The daily operation and management of microblogs require a certain amount of financial investment to cover personnel costs, training costs, equipment costs and communication costs. Many civil servants said, as long as the leadership paid attention to government microblogs indeed, funds would not be a big problem. Moreover, government microblogs are usually running on existing microblog platforms maintained by private companies. Given that ICT infrastructure had been considerably invested in many 263 government agencies, there wouldn’t be large additional equipment investment to run government microblogs. 2.2.5 Adequate ICT infrastructure in Government Interviewees indicated that after years of e-government development, most government agencies has now possessed adequate ICT infrastructure, equipped with computers, servers, networks and other hardware facilities and software applications. The government's information security capabilities have also been greatly improved in recent years, and all these have provided a strong guarantee for the government to run microblogs effectively and safely. 2.3 External Barriers for Chinese Government Microblogs 2.3.1 Hackers and “Water Army” The ecological complexity of Internet society barricades the development of government microblogs. There are both angels and devils on the Internet. Some interviewees pointed out that hackers were hard to defend on the Internet. Government microblogs are especially threatened by hacking. Once the accounts were broken through, the negative impact would be very serious. A microblog manager stated: "Although Sina and Tencent claimed that they would ensure the security of government microblogs, these accounts are still at the risk of malicious intrusion. The account security is difficult to be guaranteed. Recently, one government microblog in Dalian City has just suffered a hacker attack.” “Internet water army”, a group of Internet also composes a challenge. The “army” refers to ghostwriters who are paid to post online comments with particular commercial or political intentions. These comments could manipulate, mislead and cover up public opinions for the benefits of special interest group, and make it hard for government to tell the true opinions of citizens and interact with citizens. 2.3.2 Low trust in government and disinterests In addition, citizens’ low trust in government and disinterests to politics also exist on the Internet. Some interviewees acknowledged that citizens’ trust in government declines in recent years, and the government was facing a huge challenge. As for the posts published on government microblogs, “the public would hold a skeptical attitude. Thus government microblogs would not only have difficulties to play their roles, but also become the public laughingstock in some occasions, which couldn’t worth the candle.” Due to either low interests in public participation or suspicion of the government’s intention, some citizens don’t have much interest in interacting with government microblogs. Some people believe that government microblogs were opened up just for a “show”. 2.3.3 Lack of Regulations Meanwhile, the ambiguity and absence of Internet regulations and policies also affect the performance of government microblogs. One interviewee pointed out: "The low threshold of posting information on microblogs and the inadequate review process make it hard to authenticate the information on microblogs. And there may be some ‘Internet Water Army’. Thus, the effectiveness of the government microblogs would be undermined. “Another civil servant mentioned: “At present, speech on the Internet is relatively free in China. Without a sound regulatory mechanism,
due to their tremendous influence, government microblogs may become the target of malicious attacks.” 2.3.4 Digital Divide Some interviewees worried that the users of microblogs were mostly young people in middle class, while the elderly and poor could rarely use microblogs, not even use computers. This situation is unlikely to change in short term. After the opening up of government microblogs, non-users of micorblogs would be further marginalized and their interests might be ignored, which would exacerbate the digital divide. 2.3.5 Fast Technological Upgrading and Substitution Some civil servants also doubted about the sustainability of microblogs and worried that they wouldn’t be popular for long due to the rapid IT advancement and upgrading. “Government websites, mayor’s mailboxs and the official blogs which were once hot for a time perhaps could be the lesson for government microblogs.” “What if microblogs have been abandoned by Internet users after the government had put a lot of manpower and material resources on microblogs? Wouldn’t it be worthless?” As the future of government microblogs still lies in uncertainties, consequently, microblog management has not yet become a routine work in government agencies with designated and fixed posts. Some civil servants worried that if they were assigned to a full-time job on microblog management, once their superiors shift their attention on government microblogs, their positions will be removed. One microblog manager gave a vivid description: “No one wants to work full-time on the microblog, because no one wants to ‘die’ on it”. 2.3.6 Technological Risks Some civil servants also worried that, as a new phenomenon, microblog was not yet mature, and some risks were still unknown. For example, some interviewees said that “government microblogs were operated on external platforms, and the platform’s operation faults may lead to system errors and even crashes, resulting in unexpected consequences.” 2.4 The Internal Barriers for Chinese Government Microblogs 2.4.1 Lack of Institutions and Guidelines Because microblogs are new tools for government, some interviewees indicate that the government still lacks adequate institutions for the operation of government microblogs. In addition, in lack of effective and specific guidelines, microblog managers are confused with conflicting issues and hesitate to take measures. As results, the effectiveness of government microblogs is seriously affected. With regard to which department within the government should be responsible leading and managing government microblogs, there are no existing policies or regulations to follow in most government agencies. Nowadays, most leading departments of government microblogs are in the charge of Party Committees or publicity departments, and specific management teams and coordination teams for microblogs are quite different. In most occasions, government microblogs are operated by either the Internet Management and Publicity office, or General Administrative Office, or the Communist Youth League, or related functional departments. Both advantages and disadvantages are found with these different arrangements. 264 Besides, the interviews discovers that Chinese government agencies now mainly adopts two forms—part time jobs and shifts —to assign staff to the daily operation and management of government microblogs. The size of the operating teams ranges from one person to as many as ten members, and few departments introduce full-time posts for the management of government microblogs. A microblog operator mentioned, “We do our job in shifts. From Monday to Friday, the one who has spare time can post service tips or something at his or her convenience.” And due to the special nature of microblogs, the peak time of usage are the 30 minutes before work in the morning, the lunch break and the evening session, while most civil servants work from nine to five, some of the microblog managers have to work overtime. Owing to the feeling of uncertainty towards government microblogs, some civil servants worried that once they worked on government micorblogs full time, their original jobs would be affected. Therefore, workers in some departments take shifts for the daily operation of microblogs. The shift lasts from three months to six months. The shift is temporary for a specific operator so that their original post won’t be influenced, and the operatoe on the shift is not required to work on other tasks until the shift is over. With this arrangement, the experience that a certain government microblog operator accumulated during his or her shift would hardly pass on to his or her successors. With their varied personal styles of different operators, the management stability of government microblogs is also jeopardized. 2.4.2 Low Attention from Leadership Some government microblog managers mentioned that although their leaders requested them to open and run government microblogs, they didn’t pay attention to them fundamentally. That is to say, they just stress the importance orally, but do not provide matching personnel, financial and material resources. Some leaders did nothing more than coping with a task assigned by leaders in higher levels. In addition, the attention of the leadership frequently shifts, which would also affect the stable and sustainable operation of government microblogs. In particular, many civil servants pointed out that under the existing Chinese administrative system, the attention and support of superior leadership is extremely important to the development of government microblogs, and is the key to success. “The reason why some government microblogs are abandoned was that they didn’t earn full attention and support from the leadership.” Therefore, a lot of microblogs have become an object of “display” of the government, a microblog manager mentioned, "Currently, what concerns us most is the support of higher authorities." 2.4.3 Lack of Resources Many government departments reported that in spite of the increasing tasks and workload of government microblogs, the necessary funds and resources still fell behind. As mentioned above, a good support of human, financial and material resources mainly depended on the attention earned from the leadership. At present, most government microblogs have no specifically allocated funds. The facility investment, daily operation expenses, communication costs, training fees, and personnel expenses (work allowances and bonuses) are not secured financially. Some departments stated clearly: “Our human and material resources are limited. We lack funds, equipment and professional supports.” Without secured specially allocated funds, the expenditures on government microblogs in many departments were mainly
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2012 ALBANY, NEW YORK UNITED STATES
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Foreword The 6 th International Con
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Table of Contents Forward .........
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Session 10: ICTs & Governance Trans
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o Revival of Farming Community with
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International Steering Committee Jo
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Jim DAVIES, Computing Laboratory, U
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Session 1 Open Government Data
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the combination of their moral sent
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involve the creation of a Network o
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approach [28] to expose indicators
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4. IMPLENTING PAR In order to come
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conclusions that might arise rom th
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6.3 Large Scale Implementation In r
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Implementation Framework for Open D
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2) Usage: Assessed by quantifying t
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Increasing Kenyan Open Data Consump
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insight into available data resourc
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New Perspectives for Electronic Gov
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Not without reason therefore that t
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Another principle adopted by this s
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access to public information, chang
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Open Government 2.0: Citizen Empowe
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As a third finding, we also found a
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Session 2 E-democracy & Participati
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two polarized (optimistic or utopia
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through aggregating, shaping, and c
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in-depth expert interviews, and wer
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government made of citizens’ cont
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[8] Putman, R.D. 1994. Making Democ
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The third stream of studies reviewe
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interests, gaining access to inform
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2. THEORETICAL FOUNDATION 2.1 The P
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epresentatives from the three main
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While letters to the editor could b
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person. Table 5: Public sphere char
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[32] Yang, S., H. Lee, and S. Kurni
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In March 2000, just a couple of mon
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society the gap will close [2]. The
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A New Roadmap for Next-Generation P
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needs and the activities of policy-
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[18] Moss, S., (2010). Policy Model
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2.1. National digital inclusion exp
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advanced initiatives specifically d
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involved later [22]. Several instit
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among lecturers and students parall
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2. COMPARATIVE E-GOVERNMENT IN LATI
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governments can innovate or be disc
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2. E-GOVERNMENT AS IS 2.1. E-Govern
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ankings on the formation of nationa
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Framework for Useful Transparency W
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are doing a good job overall in reg
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The Circular Continuum of Agencies,
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continue to rely on dial-up Interne
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this time the authors continue to w
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government agencies should consider
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The critical success factors for we
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include customers and competitors,
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Websites or columns for MFWs In thi
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According to our investigation, the
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Construction of Inter-regional Publ
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The Development of Public Smart Pho
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Stage Description 1 st stage (Simpl
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Understanding Citizens’ Perceptio
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performance compared to those provi
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Session 5 Information Sharing, Mode
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arising as a result of these two bi
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forms for the system. At the same t
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further investigation of the relati
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5.3.10 Commitment Both personal and
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law. Virginia Journal of Internatio
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available to others” [5]. Informa
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conflict around information sharing
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for understanding information polic
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primarily on the information flows
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On Public Service Provision Informa
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employs workflow management technol
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o Information. Represents any infor
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common documents repository at the
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Figure 15. Full model of Passport I
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142
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policies to prevent government agen
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ecause the majority of the shared i
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A Patent System Ontology for Facili
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uilt on top of the semantics of RDF
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dynamically derive relevancy based
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Figure 6. Cross-‐Reference betw
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Category II: After identifying some
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[8] De Nicola, A., Missikoff, M. an
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oral option, it also allows for a m
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mapping of citizens would ensure un
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Here the authors wish to extend the
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http://www.ecp.gov.pk/Reports/SPStr
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will enable to assess and confront
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The underlying DeLP process is as f
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Preparing for Digital Curation Gove
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semester hours. Nine of the forty-f
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REGNET: Regulatory Information Mana
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Search Terms/ Concepts References D
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4. COMPARATIVE STUDIES OF REGULATOR
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1105.4 [6] Content of Section 1105.
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Pollution Prevention Guide for Vehi
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From Information-Poor to Informatio
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To address the divide, specific gov
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ICT for Development and the MuNet P
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competencies and skills, contributi
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ICT Policy in Africa - A Comparativ
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essential and necessary to guide th
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Kenya it is the minister for Inform
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of existing Public Internet Access
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the policy process e.g. formulation
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Laggards or Victims of Socioeconomi
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Figure 3. Facilities & Services Enj
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Promoting user uptake of e-governme
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It was also decided that it was nec
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Session 8 Measurement 1
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technology (IT) projects by governm
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Gap = 5; The weak and unreliable In
Page 246 and 247: 6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We are grateful
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Page 250 and 251: service level agreements. The inter
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Page 254 and 255: Furthermore, it is understood from
Page 256 and 257: Mobile Technologies on the Internet
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Page 260 and 261: 5.1.4 Precedence Plots Based on com
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Page 266 and 267: 7. CONCLUSION According to ORDIT an
Page 268 and 269: include but not limited to: payment
Page 270 and 271: Categories Only XSS (%) Table 2: Di
Page 272 and 273: From table 3, it can be deduced tha
Page 274: Session 9 Social Media in Governmen
Page 277 and 278: 1. What kind of social media servic
Page 279 and 280: 4.2.1 Facebook Usage Figure 3. Perc
Page 281 and 282: Government Crisis Communication on
Page 283 and 284: estoration theory. He termed it as
Page 285 and 286: Table 3. Strategies for Pre-crisis
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Page 289 and 290: information in the crisis event sta
Page 291 and 292: Government Official Microblogs: An
Page 293 and 294: It is worth mentioning that, while
Page 295: Managing Chinese Government Microbl
Page 299 and 300: 3. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This research is
Page 301 and 302: 3) Established year: to specify the
Page 303 and 304: Figure 6. Language used in Hong Kon
Page 306 and 307: E-Government and Transformation of
Page 308 and 309: and domestic as well as internation
Page 310 and 311: 4.6 Computerisation of Railway Tick
Page 312 and 313: abysmally low (2.25). In addition t
Page 314 and 315: Evaluating and Assessing a Typology
Page 316 and 317: Exhaustiveness indicates that all c
Page 318 and 319: Fig. 1 Spatial Unit Fig. 3. By whom
Page 320 and 321: SUPPLEMENTARY TABLE 1. RESULT OF SE
Page 322 and 323: Explaining the eGovernment Paradox:
Page 324 and 325: eGovernment services to a large ext
Page 326 and 327: policy agenda, as Heeks [10] says,
Page 328 and 329: Implementation Plan’s outcomes an
Page 330 and 331: Conference on eGovernment (pp. 90-9
Page 332 and 333: Investigating the Relationships bet
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Page 336 and 337: Technologies, Tools and Web 2.0 in
Page 338 and 339: with resources, peers and experts w
Page 340 and 341: cluster were: Court Clerks; Court,
Page 342 and 343: (8 questions) and the third subpart
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the examination of the 311 program
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3. CASE STUDY METHOD This study use
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discuss departmental performance at
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or laptop computers. Internet conne
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[2] Anavitarte, L. and Tratz-Ryan,
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A Literature Review: IT Governance
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Interviewees Useful? Table 3. Inter
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Assessment of Success Factors of e-
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In view of different theoretical ap
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approximate figure of 60% of intern
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difference between its priority and
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Computer Supported Contractor Selec
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(2) conduction of the public auctio
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E-Government Success Factors in the
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creating different incentives and p
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American and the Caribbean Institut
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* Note: A 7-points Likert scale was
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showed to be useful, for collecting
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Public CIO, Figurehead or Decision-
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4.2 Operative CIO The Operative CIO
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Session 12 Implementation & Impact
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NYSED is responsible for collecting
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considered markers that are able to
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many of the MDGs. The direct impact
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strongly believed that local govern
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Goal Variables Measurements 2 3 Com
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Hypothesis Variables Endogenous Exo
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[16] Joreskog, K.G., and Sorbom, D.
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GoN has addressed the challenge to
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Figures 6 and 7. Computer classes a
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ICT-enabled Delivery of Maternal He
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3. E-HEALTH 3.1 ICTs and Health Com
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Chart 1 [40] GHANA - Total Telephon
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change their behaviour, improve the
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activities such as the MoTeCH partn
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If We Build it Will They Come? A Mi
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The methodology contains inherent l
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information about their broadband s
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Session 13 E-democracy & Participat
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attempt to influence future behavio
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Evidence shows that cognitive facto
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success factors for eParticipation[
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structure of the forum as well as t
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government as well as augmenting di
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Figure 1: Message content 4.3 Messa
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Figure 6: Associated levels 4.10 At
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improve the government management e
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Session 14 Information Structure
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2. HEALTHCARE IN RURAL INDIA Health
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Cloud Data Center Internet Service
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Reliability of data: data collected
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Information System (NHIS). A Nation
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charge are either not aware of the
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from this medium. Additional securi
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attacks require the adversary to ma
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actions with yet unknown recipients
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Session 15 Measurement 2
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2. LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Electronic
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Among the main limitations and chal
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Furthermore, our study demonstrates
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E-Government Portals in Central Ame
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13 Guadaloupe 31.74 14.19 14 Aruba
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Evolving e-Government Benchmarking
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judgments are made about the qualit
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percentage of online availability o
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methodology, and few national gover
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integrating them worth it? Because
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Impacts of the Public Procurement R
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Not all the municipalities have the
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3. HYPHOTESIS AND RELEVANT QUESTION
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58% of the buyers believe that the
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A strategy of evolution of the mark
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Posters
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Russian Federation legislative prop
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Figure 1. Document Flow and E-DRM P
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We further assume that each key tar
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egion that is more representative o
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2.2 C-DAC C-DAC’s PARAM series of
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The Metropolitan Area Planning Coun
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expanded functionality in three are
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For each case, semi-structured inte
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Figure 1. Comparative analysis on t
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projects and their on-site images.
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key challenges of Enterprise System
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5. PART THREE: E GOVERNMENT APPLICA
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Following the research objectives,
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From Inter-Agency Information Shari
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479
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more and more valuable with the gro
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Implementation of Integrated Tax Sy
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Information Sharing in Inter-depart
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Interagency Collaboration in Provid
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489
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noted. The list of basic e-services
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the description of procedure for mo
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Opportunities for Improving eGovern
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Prioritization and Geo-Spatiotempor
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[4] R.Bruggemann and Ganapati P. Pa
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equirements. A direct communication
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Stage - 2: Here the actual software
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membership associations, recreation
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Fig 1 : Agriculture Revolution 3. P
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sector, private sector, and civil s
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System For Measuring e-Gov: A Multi
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The Digital Divide’s Devaluing of
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[3] Coursey, D., & Norris, D.F. (20
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In Brazil, electronic accessibility
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2) The areas to which mobile and wi
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2. OVERVIEW OF DISTRICT MAPPING The
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3.4 Driving License Driving License
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and socio-economic backgrounds. The
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Figure - 2: eGovernment Implementat
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Tutorial: Digital Curation for Publ
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ut also provide sufficient detail o
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ABM is known as a bottom-up simulat
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5.2 Relation to Empirics “Where d
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Larson, Elizabeth .................
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