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society the gap will close [2]. The most intractable issue however<br />

is the lack of privacy and protection the polling place gives to<br />

voters. Some Norwegian politicians have referred to “family<br />

voting” as a reason to abandon Internet voting altogether [11].<br />

In conclusion, it is our opinion that after a decade of<br />

experimentation Internet voting is not ready for large scale<br />

deployment yet. The different experiences presented in this paper<br />

prove the strong desire to devise solutions to the main problems.<br />

End-to-end verifiable ballots represent a key step towards<br />

independence from “absolute” security of every component of the<br />

voting chain. Significant real-world use cases like Estonian<br />

elections help bridging the gap between technology and citizens.<br />

Whether the combination of these two driving forces will be<br />

successful in producing really trustworthy systems, and in<br />

advancing awareness enough for people to properly use them, it is<br />

still very hard to foresee.<br />

4. REFERENCES<br />

[1] B. Adida. Helios: web-based open-audit voting. In SS'08:<br />

Proceedings of the 17th conference on Security symposium,<br />

pages 335-348, Berkeley, CA, USA, 2008. USENIX<br />

Association.<br />

[2] F. Belanger and L. Carter. The digital divide and internet<br />

voting acceptance. In Digital Society, 2010. ICDS '10. Fourth<br />

International Conference on, pages 307-310, Feb. 2010.<br />

[3] H. S. Berger. Testimony concerning the TGDC 2007 draft<br />

revision of the voluntary voting system guidelines. Mar. 17,<br />

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[4] Bishop, M., Blaze, M., Vigna, G., et al.,. University of<br />

California red team reports on voting systems, 2007.<br />

http://www.sos.ca.gov/elections/elections vsr.htm.<br />

[5] California Internet Voting Task Force (California Secretary of<br />

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[7] D. Chaum, A. Essex, R. Carback, J. Clark, S. Popoveniuc, A.<br />

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optical-scan voting. Security & Privacy, IEEE, 6(3):40-46,<br />

May-June 2008.<br />

[8] Council of Europe. Recommendation Rec (2004) 11. Council of<br />

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[9] Federal Voting Assistance Program. The uniformed and<br />

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[10] S. Heiberg, P. Laud, and J. Willemson. The application of ivoting<br />

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Proceedings of the Third VOTE-ID International Conference,<br />

Sep. 2011.<br />

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[11] K. Hole and L. Nestas. Building and maintaining trust in<br />

internet voting. Computer, PP(99):1, 2012.<br />

[12] D. Jefferson, A. D. Rubin, B. Simons, and D. Wagner.<br />

Security Analysis of the Secure Electronic Registration and<br />

Voting Experiment (SERVE). Aug. 2004.<br />

[13] R. Krimmer, S. Triessnig, and M. Volkamer. The<br />

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of roads and directions. In Proceedings of the 1 st<br />

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ID'07, pages 1-15, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2007. Springer-<br />

Verlag.<br />

[14] M. Lesk. The new front line: Estonia under cyberassault.<br />

Security & Privacy, IEEE, 5(4):76-79, July-Aug. 2007.<br />

[15] M. McGaley and J. P. Gibson. A critical analysis of the<br />

Council of Europe recommendations on e-voting. In<br />

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Technology Workshop, 2006.<br />

[16] J. Mohen and J. Glidden. The case for internet voting.<br />

Commun. ACM, 44(1):72-85, Jan. 2001.<br />

[17] H. Pardue, A. Yasinsac, and J. Landry. Towards internet<br />

voting security: A threat tree for risk assessment. In Risks<br />

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International Conference on, pages 1-7, Oct. 2010.<br />

[18] S. Peisert, M. Bishop, and A. Yasinsac. Vote selling, voter<br />

anonymity, and forensic logging of electronic voting<br />

machines. In HICSS, pages 1-10. IEEE Computer Society,<br />

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[19] D. M. Phillips and H. A. von Spakovsky. Gauging the risks<br />

of internet elections. Commun. ACM, 44(1):73-85, Jan. 2001.<br />

[20] M. Prandini and M. Ramilli. Taking the best of both worlds:<br />

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NY, USA, 2011. ACM.<br />

[24] D. Wagner. Joint hearing of the house committee on science<br />

and the committee on house administration. Testimony on<br />

voting system standards. July 19, 2006.

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