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Information Sharing in Inter-departmental Collaboration: A Conceptual Framework for Local Government Authorities Alinaghi Ziaee Bigdeli Brunel University Kingston Lane, UB8 3PH Uxbridge, United Kingdom cspgaaz@brunel.ac.uk ABSTRACT This research attempts to develop a socio-technical framework for Inter-departmental Electronic Information Sharing (EIS) in Local Government Authorities (LGAs). Categories and Subject Descriptors H.0 INFORMATION SYSTEMS GENERAL General Terms Management, Security, Human Factors, Standardization 1. INTRODUCTION Decision-making over adopting Inter-Organisational Information Systems (IOIS) that facilitate information sharing in an electronic manner has become in the centre of attention of researchers and practitioners in the field of information systems. It can be argued that a conceptual framework that examines EIS in LGAs is very limited. Several drawbacks can be identified regarding the existing frameworks as they: (1) mainly focus on either organisational or technological side of EIS, and do not look at the effort from a socio-technical perspective, (2) concern mainly about sharing information in Federal/Central governments, (3) do not map the influential factors on different stages of decisionmaking phases and (4) do not prioritise the influential factors based on their importance on different stages of decision-making process. 2. EIS CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 2.1 Factors Influencing EIS in LGAs In this section, it is attempted to provide a rich and broad picture of five main areas influencing any IOS initiative (i.e. EIS) based on the procedural framework of Inter-organisational Systems’ adoption proposed by Kurnia and Johnston [1]; (a) External Environment, (b) Capability of Organisation, (c) Technology Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, to republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. ICEGOV '12, October 22 - 25 2012, Albany, NY, USA Copyright 2012 ACM 978-1-4503-1200-4/12/10...$15.00 Muhammad Kamal Brunel University Kingston Lane, UB8 3PH Uxbridge, United Kingdom Muhammad.Kamal@ brunel.ac.uk 485 Sergio de Cesare Brunel University Kingston Lane, UB8 3PH Uxbridge, United Kingdom Sergio.deCesare@brunel.ac.uk Environment, (d) EIS Characteristics, and (e) Inter-departmental Environment. First factor group, External Environment, proposes that certain conditions outside the focal organisation may affect the decision to adopt any inter-organisational collaboration. Regarding EIS in LGAs, these factors include any pressure from outside the specific local authority (e.g. from the Central Government) that influence the department’s decision on sharing information electronically. Second factor group, Capability of Organisation, observes the capability of the focal organisation in adopting those innovations that require collaboration among its sections and departments. Third group of factor, Nature of Technology, considers all technological factors which require the establishment of any IOIS. It can be argued that LGAs suffer from what may be termed as “IT lag time” that means there is a large gap between the adoption of new technologies and its acceptance and reutilisation across the entire organisation. Forth group of factor, EIS characteristic, refers to all attributes of electronic information sharing such as benefits and costs that influence the decision over sharing information. In addition to these four areas, the decision over EIS incorporates extra influences arising from complex and dynamic interaction among different departments and their suppliers, known as Inter-departmental Environment. Nevertheless, these factors have yet to be evaluated through real and practical cases and therefore the researchers propose the following research proposition for further investigation: Research Proposition A – Proposed Factors Influencing EIS: The proposed factors may influence the decision-making on EIS in inter-departmental collaboration in LGAs. 2.2 Investigating the Phases of Participation Rogers [2] indicates that an adoption process is the process in which an individual or agency first, experiences the knowledge of innovation, second, alters the attitudes towards that innovation, third, makes decision to adopt or reject, and last, implements and confirms the decision. Regarding inter-departmental information sharing in LGAs, it would be vital to clarify the stages in which each department goes through prior to information sharing effort. These stages that lead to institutionalisation of EIS within LGAs might be conceptualised as temporal consequences in which the agencies pass through from the initiation phase to sustainability. After analysing innovation adoption literature on private and public sector, the researchers propose five phases of decisionmaking for EIS; (a) Incentive that refers to the state when a department within an LGA is asked or wishes to share information electronically with another department, (b) Conception that signifies a plan of action that the agency should pursue. In the
context of EIS, this phase may consist of a set of questions to be answered by the LGA department prior to sharing information. (c) Proposal that indicates the formal proposition for adopting any kind of innovation within an organisation. In the context of EIS, the proposal can be done through any kind of protocol or set of agreed principles on sharing personal or confidential information, (d) Participation Decision that refers to the actual phase in which the department takes the decision on adopting the specific innovation. Regarding the EIS initiative, a final decision should be made when the department has passed through all the above stages; and (e) Sustainability that refers to the stage in which an organisation begins to realise the need for strategic changes towards the use of innovation. Research Proposition B – EIS Participation Lifecycle: The departments within an LGA might pass through numerous phases prior to final decision on EIS with other departments. 2.3 Mapping Factors on Participation Phases It is worth examining the mapping of EIS participation factors on participation phases in LGAs. The actual mapping would be carried out after conducting the empirical research and we propose the following research proposition to be investigated: Research Proposition C – Mapping EIS Factors on the participation Phases: The factors influencing EIS participation in inter-departmental collaboration in LGA can be mapped on different phases of participation to support the decision-making processes of EIS. 2.4 Investigating the Prioritisation of Factors It should be indicated that prioritisation of factors and identifying which factor(s) is more important should take into account as it enables the organisation to improve the procedure of decisionmaking [3, 4]. Saaty [5] argued that the development of prioritisation is strongly reliant on the judgement of individuals within the organisation who involve in the phenomenon. However, because of the different roles, responsibilities, attitudes, and backgrounds within the organisation, the individuals may present different judgement on the prioritisation of factors. Therefore, to a great extent, prioritisation of factors may determine whether or not inter-department information sharing effort would have a constructive result(s). Thus the following research proposition can be proposed for further investigation: Research Proposition D – Prioritisation of Factors influencing EIS: Prioritisation of the factors in each participation phase can improve the decision-making process of EIS in LGAs. The arguments reported in previous sections (Section 2.1 to Section 2.4) prove that the role of factors, participation phases, mapping of factors on participation phases, and prioritisation of factors on the participation phases based on their importance should take into consideration prior to EIS in LGAs. The researcher proposes that the research propositions (RP-A to RP-D) should be examined jointly. In doing so, a detailed conceptual framework for EIS in LGAs is proposed in Figure 2. 3. RESEARCH METHOD An interpretive, exploratory case study approach will be employed in order to investigate and analyse the research propositions. The reason for selecting this approach is that we 486 seek to understand the human thoughts on EIS efforts within the social and organisational context surrounding the initiative since the social world cannot be reduced to isolated variables. Moreover, For the purpose of this study, semi-structured interview will be utilised as the main data collection technique. Prior to the interviews, some structured questions to be used as the interview agenda and some open-ended questions will be prepared. Political Pressure (F1) Inter-‐Org. Leadership (F5) IT Capabilities (F9) Factors Influencing Participation in EIS (RI – A) Participation Phases (RI – B) External Environment Cost of Sharing Information (F13) Business Process Compatibility (F16) Economic Pressure (F2) Return on Investment (F6) Data Security and Privacy (F10) Capacity of Organisation Technology Environment EIS Characteristic Benefits of Sharing Information (F14) Legislation and Policy Principals (F3) Network Collaboration Culture (F7) Information Quality (F11) Inter-‐departmental Environment Inter-‐Departmental Trust (F17) Risk of Sharing Information (F15) Critical Mass (F18) Factors Incentive Conception Proposal Participation Decision F1 F2 F3 F4 … F18 Community Pressure (F4) Organisation Size (F8) Technical Interoperability (F12) MAPPING FACTORS INFLUENCING PARTICIPATION IN EIS ON PARTICIPATION LIFECYCLE PHASES (RP – C) PRIORITISING THE IMPORTANCE OF FACTORS ON PARTICIPATION LIFECYCLE PHASES (RP – D) Sustainability Factors Incentive Conception Proposal Participation Sustainability Decision F1 F2 F3 F4 … F18 Phase 1 Incentive Phase 2 Conception Phase 3 Proposal Phase 4 Participation Decision Phase 5 Sustainability Figure 2: Conceptual Framework for EIS Participation in LGAs 4. REFERENCES [1] KURNIA, S. AND JOHNSTON, R.B. 2000. The need for a processual view of inter-organizational systems adoption. The Journal of Strategic Information Systems 9, 295-319. [2] ROGERS, E.M. 1995. Diffusion of innovations. Free Pr, . [3] HUANG, S.M., CHANG, I.C., LI, S.H. AND LIN, M.T. 2004. Assessing risk in ERP projects: identify and prioritize the factors. Industrial Management & Data Systems 104, 681-688. [4] SALMERON, J.L. AND HERRERO, I. 2005. An AHP-based methodology to rank critical success factors of executive information systems. Computer Standards & Interfaces 28, 1-12. [5] SAATY, T.L. 1986. Axiomatic foundation of the analytic hierarchy process. Management science 841-855.
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2012 ALBANY, NEW YORK UNITED STATES
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Foreword The 6 th International Con
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Table of Contents Forward .........
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Session 10: ICTs & Governance Trans
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o Revival of Farming Community with
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International Steering Committee Jo
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Jim DAVIES, Computing Laboratory, U
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Session 1 Open Government Data
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the combination of their moral sent
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involve the creation of a Network o
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approach [28] to expose indicators
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4. IMPLENTING PAR In order to come
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conclusions that might arise rom th
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6.3 Large Scale Implementation In r
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Implementation Framework for Open D
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2) Usage: Assessed by quantifying t
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Increasing Kenyan Open Data Consump
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insight into available data resourc
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New Perspectives for Electronic Gov
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Not without reason therefore that t
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Another principle adopted by this s
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access to public information, chang
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Open Government 2.0: Citizen Empowe
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As a third finding, we also found a
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Session 2 E-democracy & Participati
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two polarized (optimistic or utopia
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through aggregating, shaping, and c
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in-depth expert interviews, and wer
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government made of citizens’ cont
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[8] Putman, R.D. 1994. Making Democ
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The third stream of studies reviewe
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interests, gaining access to inform
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2. THEORETICAL FOUNDATION 2.1 The P
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epresentatives from the three main
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While letters to the editor could b
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person. Table 5: Public sphere char
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[32] Yang, S., H. Lee, and S. Kurni
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In March 2000, just a couple of mon
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society the gap will close [2]. The
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A New Roadmap for Next-Generation P
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needs and the activities of policy-
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[18] Moss, S., (2010). Policy Model
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2.1. National digital inclusion exp
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advanced initiatives specifically d
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involved later [22]. Several instit
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among lecturers and students parall
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2. COMPARATIVE E-GOVERNMENT IN LATI
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governments can innovate or be disc
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2. E-GOVERNMENT AS IS 2.1. E-Govern
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ankings on the formation of nationa
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Framework for Useful Transparency W
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are doing a good job overall in reg
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The Circular Continuum of Agencies,
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continue to rely on dial-up Interne
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this time the authors continue to w
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government agencies should consider
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The critical success factors for we
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include customers and competitors,
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Websites or columns for MFWs In thi
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According to our investigation, the
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Construction of Inter-regional Publ
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The Development of Public Smart Pho
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Stage Description 1 st stage (Simpl
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Understanding Citizens’ Perceptio
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performance compared to those provi
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Session 5 Information Sharing, Mode
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arising as a result of these two bi
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forms for the system. At the same t
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further investigation of the relati
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5.3.10 Commitment Both personal and
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law. Virginia Journal of Internatio
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available to others” [5]. Informa
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conflict around information sharing
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for understanding information polic
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primarily on the information flows
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On Public Service Provision Informa
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employs workflow management technol
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o Information. Represents any infor
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common documents repository at the
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Figure 15. Full model of Passport I
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142
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policies to prevent government agen
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ecause the majority of the shared i
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A Patent System Ontology for Facili
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uilt on top of the semantics of RDF
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dynamically derive relevancy based
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Figure 6. Cross-‐Reference betw
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Category II: After identifying some
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[8] De Nicola, A., Missikoff, M. an
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oral option, it also allows for a m
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mapping of citizens would ensure un
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Here the authors wish to extend the
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http://www.ecp.gov.pk/Reports/SPStr
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will enable to assess and confront
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The underlying DeLP process is as f
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Preparing for Digital Curation Gove
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semester hours. Nine of the forty-f
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REGNET: Regulatory Information Mana
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Search Terms/ Concepts References D
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4. COMPARATIVE STUDIES OF REGULATOR
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1105.4 [6] Content of Section 1105.
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Pollution Prevention Guide for Vehi
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From Information-Poor to Informatio
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To address the divide, specific gov
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ICT for Development and the MuNet P
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competencies and skills, contributi
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ICT Policy in Africa - A Comparativ
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essential and necessary to guide th
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Kenya it is the minister for Inform
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of existing Public Internet Access
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the policy process e.g. formulation
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Laggards or Victims of Socioeconomi
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Figure 3. Facilities & Services Enj
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Promoting user uptake of e-governme
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It was also decided that it was nec
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Session 8 Measurement 1
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technology (IT) projects by governm
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Gap = 5; The weak and unreliable In
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6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We are grateful
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aspects are hardly discussed as the
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service level agreements. The inter
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concensus of all participants, the
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Furthermore, it is understood from
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Mobile Technologies on the Internet
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of mothers. Based on this reason, w
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5.1.4 Precedence Plots Based on com
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3 indicators are similar but not th
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Latitude 10°�S 9°�S 8°�S 7
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7. CONCLUSION According to ORDIT an
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include but not limited to: payment
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Categories Only XSS (%) Table 2: Di
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From table 3, it can be deduced tha
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Session 9 Social Media in Governmen
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1. What kind of social media servic
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4.2.1 Facebook Usage Figure 3. Perc
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Government Crisis Communication on
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estoration theory. He termed it as
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Table 3. Strategies for Pre-crisis
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accounts, among which seven message
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information in the crisis event sta
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Government Official Microblogs: An
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It is worth mentioning that, while
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Managing Chinese Government Microbl
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due to their tremendous influence,
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3. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This research is
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3) Established year: to specify the
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Figure 6. Language used in Hong Kon
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E-Government and Transformation of
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and domestic as well as internation
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4.6 Computerisation of Railway Tick
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abysmally low (2.25). In addition t
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Evaluating and Assessing a Typology
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Exhaustiveness indicates that all c
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Fig. 1 Spatial Unit Fig. 3. By whom
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SUPPLEMENTARY TABLE 1. RESULT OF SE
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Explaining the eGovernment Paradox:
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eGovernment services to a large ext
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policy agenda, as Heeks [10] says,
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Implementation Plan’s outcomes an
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Conference on eGovernment (pp. 90-9
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Investigating the Relationships bet
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hybrid or authoritarian regime. Bov
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Technologies, Tools and Web 2.0 in
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with resources, peers and experts w
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cluster were: Court Clerks; Court,
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(8 questions) and the third subpart
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http://ux.brookdalecc.edu/governanc
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the examination of the 311 program
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3. CASE STUDY METHOD This study use
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discuss departmental performance at
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or laptop computers. Internet conne
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[2] Anavitarte, L. and Tratz-Ryan,
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A Literature Review: IT Governance
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Interviewees Useful? Table 3. Inter
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Assessment of Success Factors of e-
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In view of different theoretical ap
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approximate figure of 60% of intern
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difference between its priority and
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Computer Supported Contractor Selec
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(2) conduction of the public auctio
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E-Government Success Factors in the
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creating different incentives and p
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American and the Caribbean Institut
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* Note: A 7-points Likert scale was
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showed to be useful, for collecting
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Public CIO, Figurehead or Decision-
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4.2 Operative CIO The Operative CIO
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Session 12 Implementation & Impact
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NYSED is responsible for collecting
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considered markers that are able to
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many of the MDGs. The direct impact
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strongly believed that local govern
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Goal Variables Measurements 2 3 Com
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Hypothesis Variables Endogenous Exo
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[16] Joreskog, K.G., and Sorbom, D.
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GoN has addressed the challenge to
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Figures 6 and 7. Computer classes a
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ICT-enabled Delivery of Maternal He
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3. E-HEALTH 3.1 ICTs and Health Com
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Chart 1 [40] GHANA - Total Telephon
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change their behaviour, improve the
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activities such as the MoTeCH partn
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If We Build it Will They Come? A Mi
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The methodology contains inherent l
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information about their broadband s
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Session 13 E-democracy & Participat
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attempt to influence future behavio
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Evidence shows that cognitive facto
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success factors for eParticipation[
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structure of the forum as well as t
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government as well as augmenting di
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Figure 1: Message content 4.3 Messa
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Figure 6: Associated levels 4.10 At
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improve the government management e
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Session 14 Information Structure
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2. HEALTHCARE IN RURAL INDIA Health
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Cloud Data Center Internet Service
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Reliability of data: data collected
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Information System (NHIS). A Nation
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charge are either not aware of the
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from this medium. Additional securi
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attacks require the adversary to ma
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actions with yet unknown recipients
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Session 15 Measurement 2
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2. LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Electronic
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Among the main limitations and chal
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Furthermore, our study demonstrates
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E-Government Portals in Central Ame
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13 Guadaloupe 31.74 14.19 14 Aruba
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Evolving e-Government Benchmarking
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judgments are made about the qualit
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percentage of online availability o
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Page 538 and 539: noted. The list of basic e-services
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5.2 Relation to Empirics “Where d
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Larson, Elizabeth .................
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