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[20] Ferrer, F. & Santos, P. (Orgs.). E-government: electronic government in Brazil. São Paulo: Saraiva, 2004. [21] Reinhard, N. & Dias, I. Categorization of E-Gov Initiatives: a comparison of three perspectives. In: X International Congress of CLAD on State Reform and Public Administration, Santiago, Chile, 18 to 21 October 2005. [22] Fugini, M.G., Maggiolini, P., Pagamaci, B. Why is it difficult to make a true "electronic government". Production Journal, v. 15, nº 3, p. 303-309, Sept./Dec. 2005. [23] SILVA, S. P. da.. Levels of democratic participation in the use of Internet by governments. Public Opinion [online]. 2005, vol.11, n.2, pp. 450-468. ISSN 0104-6276. [24] Rothberg, Danilo. For a research agenda on electronic democracy. Public Opinion [online]., v. 14, n. 1, pp. 149- 172. ISSN 0104-6276. 2008. [25] Matheus, R. ; Ribeiro, M. M. . Models for Citizen engagement in Latin American Case studies of Public Digital Budgeting. In: III International Conference on Electronic Governance, 2009. [26] Frey, Klaus. Electronic Governance: Experiences of European cities and some lessons for developing countries. I Electronic Conference of the Virtual Centre for Policy Studies (CEVEP). 2000. [27] Frick, María M.. Electronic Participation Towards Open Government in Latin America. E-democracy Centre -- Université de Genève -- Faculte de Droit, 40, bd Du Pont- D'Arve CH-1211 Genève 4 -- Switzerland. 2005. [28] WELP, Y.. (2010). ICT’s for Democracy in Latin America?. In: TAMBOURIS, E.; MACINTOSH, A.; GLASSEY, O. (ORGs): ePart 2010, LNCS 6229, pp. 42-53, 2010. [29] PEEL, D.. Using digital technologies to broaden public participation in planning. In: Cunha, M. A.; FREY, K. & DUARTE, F.. (Ed.). Local governance and information technology and communication. Champagnat, 2009. [30] Teixeira, A. Internet transparency in municipal governance: the experience of the state of Ceara. Fortaleza: Konrad Adenauer Foundation, 2004. [31] Teixeira, A. Guide to the transparency of citizenship: to prevent corruption. Ceará: Konrad Adenauer Foundation, 2006. [32] Junior, Hélio Santiago Ramos & Rover, Aires José. Electronic Democracy in the Information Society. 2007. [33] Nunes, Edson. The political grammar of Brazil: patronage and bureaucratic insulation. Rio de Janeiro: Zahar, 2003. [34] Miguel, L. F.. Acountability impasses: dilemmas and alternatives of political representation. Sociology and Politics Journal, v. 25, p. 25-38, 2005. 425 [35] Camerer, M.. Measuring Public Integrity. Journal of Democracy (Volume 17, Number 1, January 2006, pp. 152- 165). 2006. [36] Kaufmann, D.. Transparency, Incentives and Prevention (TIP) for Corruption Control and Good Governance. Conference on Economic Reform and Good Governance: Fighting Corruption in Transition Economies, Beijing, April 11-12th, 2002. [37] Peixoto, T.. e-Participatory Budgeting: e-Democracy from theory to success?. E-democracy Center - e-Working Papers 2008. [38] Peixoto, T.. Beyond Theory: e-Participatory Budgeting and its Promises for eParticipation. European Journal of ePractice - www.epracticejournal.eu 1 Nº 7 - March 2009 - ISSN: 1988-625X. [39] Campos, Anna Maria. Accountability: When can we translate it to Portuguese. Revista de Administração Pública, Rio de Janeiro, v. 24, n. 2, p. 30-50, fev./abr. 1990. [40] Akutsu, L.. Government Portals in Brazil: accountability and delegative democracy. In: X International Congress of CLAD on State Reform and Public Administration, Santiago, Chile, 18 to 21 October 2005. [41] Speck, B. W.. Paths of Transparency. University of Campinas Press. 2004. [42] Pinho, José antonio Gomes de. Investigating e-government portals of states in Brazil: a lot of technology, poor democracy. Public Administration Journal – Rio de Janeiro 42(3):471-93, May/June. 2008. [43] Vale, Paulo H. M. Electronic government in the dimensions and capacity-management, e-participation and etransparent: identifying aspects of electronic governance in 64 municipalities in the metropolitan area of Belo Horizonte. PhD Thesis. Belo Horizonte: Fundação João Pinheiro. 2006. [44] MATHEUS, R. ; RIBEIRO, M. M.. Anti-corruption online tools in Latin America. In: III International Conference on Electronic Governance, 2009. [45] MATO GROSSO, State Court of Accounts Portals of Transparency: http://geoobras.tce.mt.gov.br/cidadao/. Accessed at: 12 May, 2011. [46] PARAIBA, State Court of Accounts Portals of Transparency: http://sagres.tce.pb.gov.br/estado_empenhos01.php. Accessed at: 18 May, 2011. [47] PARANA, State Court of Accounts Portals of Transparency: www.controlesocial.pr.gov.br/ObrasPublicasConsultar.asp. Acessed at: 24 May, 2011. [48] PIAUÍ, State Court of Accounts Portals of Transparency: srvapp.tce.pi.gov.br/obrasweb/. Accessed at: 08 June, 2011.
E-Government Portals in Central America: A Preliminary Evaluation and Ranking (2011-2012) Rodrigo Sandoval-Almazan Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México rsandovala@uaemex.mx ABSTRACT Developing e-government strategies and particularly Internet portals could be considered an important trend for public administrations worldwide. These government-wide websites could potentially provide useful information and services and, at the same time, become the gateways for citizen participation and collaboration with government. However, the development of these tools and their potential impacts are not the same for developed and developing countries and there is not enough research about less developed nations. This paper applies a multi-dimensional evaluation model to the national portals of Central American countries (2011-2012) and starts providing some of the necessary knowledge about this particular reality. The model was first used in 2005 for evaluating Mexican state portals and has been systematically refined during the last 7 years. The results clearly identify important gaps and opportunities for improvement in most Central American countries. General Terms Measurement, Performance, Reliability, Human Factors, Standardization, Theory, Legal Aspects, Verification Keywords Central America, e-government portals, metrics, e-government, assessment 1. INTRODUCTION E-government has become an important strategy for governments around the world. E-government implementation has reached all levels of government. However the development and potential impacts of these tools and applications have not happened equally in all countries. For instance, Central American nations have lower levels of interaction with ICT and technology caused by infrastructure limitations, budget limitations or lack of knowledge about these technologies [23][8]. The problem of e-government implementation has been Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, to republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. ICEGOV '12, October 22 - 25 2012, Albany, NY, USA Copyright 2012 ACM 978-1-4503-1200-4/12/10...$15.00 J. Ramon Gil-Garcia Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económicas joseramon.gil@cide.edu 426 Nancy Karina Saucedo Leyva Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México nancykarinasl@hotmail.com studied in several ways, from the e-readiness perspective to the ranking or evaluation of several issues – e-participation, interoperability or organizational – leading this to an egovernment divide, that reflects e-government gaps among the countries of a region [3]. On the other hand, Central American countries are the ones that need the most the advantages of egovernment technologies in order to share information, collaborate with other countries, save costs, and improve their organizational capabilities on issues such as border control, terrorism, migration, and drug trafficking. This transnational information sharing is another e-government trend that will be achieve in other countries, pushing the Central America region to achieve this challenge [24][16]. A new kind of electronic governance is reaching the Latin American region and several scholars are now doing research on the institutional impact of e-government [13], as well as on the adoption of e-government [10] on some Latin American countries such as Mexico, Argentina, Dominican Republic, and Brazil, among others [7][14]. However, there is not enough research to measure and evaluate e-government in Central American nations, and to provide practical recommendations to improve these countries’ level of e-government and the functionality of their portals. This paper presents preliminary results of an ongoing research that measures the national portals of Central American countries using a multidimensional evaluation model based on the evolutionary approach and initially developed in 2005 for the Mexican e-government state portals. We evaluated the portals of Central American countries in 2011 and 2012 and this paper presents the preliminary results of this assessment effort. The paper is divided in five sections, including these introductory comments. Section two presents a review of recent literature on assessment models and presents some advantages and limitation of the evaluation model we propose. Section three describes the research design and methods for the two-year evaluation. Section four summarizes the main findings and compares the results of 2011 and 2012. Finally, section five provides ideas for future research and highlights some practical recommendations for Central American countries. 2. LITERATURE REVIEW State websites can be considered government-citizen communication systems via a computer and the Internet [18]. There are different models that explain the processes of
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2012 ALBANY, NEW YORK UNITED STATES
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Foreword The 6 th International Con
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Table of Contents Forward .........
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Session 10: ICTs & Governance Trans
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o Revival of Farming Community with
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International Steering Committee Jo
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Jim DAVIES, Computing Laboratory, U
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Session 1 Open Government Data
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the combination of their moral sent
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involve the creation of a Network o
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approach [28] to expose indicators
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4. IMPLENTING PAR In order to come
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conclusions that might arise rom th
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6.3 Large Scale Implementation In r
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Implementation Framework for Open D
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2) Usage: Assessed by quantifying t
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Increasing Kenyan Open Data Consump
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insight into available data resourc
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New Perspectives for Electronic Gov
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Not without reason therefore that t
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Another principle adopted by this s
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access to public information, chang
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Open Government 2.0: Citizen Empowe
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As a third finding, we also found a
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Session 2 E-democracy & Participati
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two polarized (optimistic or utopia
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through aggregating, shaping, and c
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in-depth expert interviews, and wer
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government made of citizens’ cont
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[8] Putman, R.D. 1994. Making Democ
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The third stream of studies reviewe
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interests, gaining access to inform
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2. THEORETICAL FOUNDATION 2.1 The P
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epresentatives from the three main
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While letters to the editor could b
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person. Table 5: Public sphere char
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[32] Yang, S., H. Lee, and S. Kurni
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In March 2000, just a couple of mon
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society the gap will close [2]. The
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A New Roadmap for Next-Generation P
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needs and the activities of policy-
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[18] Moss, S., (2010). Policy Model
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2.1. National digital inclusion exp
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advanced initiatives specifically d
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involved later [22]. Several instit
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among lecturers and students parall
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2. COMPARATIVE E-GOVERNMENT IN LATI
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governments can innovate or be disc
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2. E-GOVERNMENT AS IS 2.1. E-Govern
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ankings on the formation of nationa
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Framework for Useful Transparency W
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are doing a good job overall in reg
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The Circular Continuum of Agencies,
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continue to rely on dial-up Interne
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this time the authors continue to w
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government agencies should consider
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The critical success factors for we
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include customers and competitors,
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Websites or columns for MFWs In thi
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According to our investigation, the
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Construction of Inter-regional Publ
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The Development of Public Smart Pho
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Stage Description 1 st stage (Simpl
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Understanding Citizens’ Perceptio
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performance compared to those provi
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Session 5 Information Sharing, Mode
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arising as a result of these two bi
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forms for the system. At the same t
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further investigation of the relati
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5.3.10 Commitment Both personal and
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law. Virginia Journal of Internatio
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available to others” [5]. Informa
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conflict around information sharing
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for understanding information polic
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primarily on the information flows
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On Public Service Provision Informa
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employs workflow management technol
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o Information. Represents any infor
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common documents repository at the
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Figure 15. Full model of Passport I
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142
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policies to prevent government agen
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ecause the majority of the shared i
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A Patent System Ontology for Facili
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uilt on top of the semantics of RDF
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dynamically derive relevancy based
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Figure 6. Cross-‐Reference betw
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Category II: After identifying some
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[8] De Nicola, A., Missikoff, M. an
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oral option, it also allows for a m
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mapping of citizens would ensure un
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Here the authors wish to extend the
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http://www.ecp.gov.pk/Reports/SPStr
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will enable to assess and confront
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The underlying DeLP process is as f
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Preparing for Digital Curation Gove
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semester hours. Nine of the forty-f
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REGNET: Regulatory Information Mana
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Search Terms/ Concepts References D
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4. COMPARATIVE STUDIES OF REGULATOR
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1105.4 [6] Content of Section 1105.
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Pollution Prevention Guide for Vehi
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From Information-Poor to Informatio
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To address the divide, specific gov
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ICT for Development and the MuNet P
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competencies and skills, contributi
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ICT Policy in Africa - A Comparativ
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essential and necessary to guide th
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Kenya it is the minister for Inform
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of existing Public Internet Access
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the policy process e.g. formulation
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Laggards or Victims of Socioeconomi
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Figure 3. Facilities & Services Enj
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Promoting user uptake of e-governme
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It was also decided that it was nec
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Session 8 Measurement 1
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technology (IT) projects by governm
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Gap = 5; The weak and unreliable In
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6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We are grateful
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aspects are hardly discussed as the
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service level agreements. The inter
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concensus of all participants, the
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Furthermore, it is understood from
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Mobile Technologies on the Internet
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of mothers. Based on this reason, w
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5.1.4 Precedence Plots Based on com
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3 indicators are similar but not th
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Latitude 10°�S 9°�S 8°�S 7
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7. CONCLUSION According to ORDIT an
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include but not limited to: payment
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Categories Only XSS (%) Table 2: Di
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From table 3, it can be deduced tha
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Session 9 Social Media in Governmen
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1. What kind of social media servic
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4.2.1 Facebook Usage Figure 3. Perc
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Government Crisis Communication on
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estoration theory. He termed it as
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Table 3. Strategies for Pre-crisis
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accounts, among which seven message
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information in the crisis event sta
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Government Official Microblogs: An
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It is worth mentioning that, while
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Managing Chinese Government Microbl
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due to their tremendous influence,
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3. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This research is
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3) Established year: to specify the
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Figure 6. Language used in Hong Kon
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E-Government and Transformation of
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and domestic as well as internation
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4.6 Computerisation of Railway Tick
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abysmally low (2.25). In addition t
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Evaluating and Assessing a Typology
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Exhaustiveness indicates that all c
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Fig. 1 Spatial Unit Fig. 3. By whom
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SUPPLEMENTARY TABLE 1. RESULT OF SE
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Explaining the eGovernment Paradox:
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eGovernment services to a large ext
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policy agenda, as Heeks [10] says,
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Implementation Plan’s outcomes an
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Conference on eGovernment (pp. 90-9
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Investigating the Relationships bet
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hybrid or authoritarian regime. Bov
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Technologies, Tools and Web 2.0 in
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with resources, peers and experts w
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cluster were: Court Clerks; Court,
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(8 questions) and the third subpart
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http://ux.brookdalecc.edu/governanc
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the examination of the 311 program
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3. CASE STUDY METHOD This study use
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discuss departmental performance at
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or laptop computers. Internet conne
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[2] Anavitarte, L. and Tratz-Ryan,
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A Literature Review: IT Governance
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Interviewees Useful? Table 3. Inter
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Assessment of Success Factors of e-
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In view of different theoretical ap
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approximate figure of 60% of intern
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difference between its priority and
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Computer Supported Contractor Selec
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(2) conduction of the public auctio
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E-Government Success Factors in the
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creating different incentives and p
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American and the Caribbean Institut
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* Note: A 7-points Likert scale was
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showed to be useful, for collecting
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Public CIO, Figurehead or Decision-
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4.2 Operative CIO The Operative CIO
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Session 12 Implementation & Impact
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NYSED is responsible for collecting
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considered markers that are able to
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many of the MDGs. The direct impact
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strongly believed that local govern
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Goal Variables Measurements 2 3 Com
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Hypothesis Variables Endogenous Exo
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[16] Joreskog, K.G., and Sorbom, D.
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GoN has addressed the challenge to
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Figures 6 and 7. Computer classes a
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ICT-enabled Delivery of Maternal He
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3. E-HEALTH 3.1 ICTs and Health Com
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Chart 1 [40] GHANA - Total Telephon
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change their behaviour, improve the
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activities such as the MoTeCH partn
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If We Build it Will They Come? A Mi
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5. PART THREE: E GOVERNMENT APPLICA
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Following the research objectives,
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From Inter-Agency Information Shari
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479
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more and more valuable with the gro
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Implementation of Integrated Tax Sy
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Information Sharing in Inter-depart
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Interagency Collaboration in Provid
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489
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noted. The list of basic e-services
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the description of procedure for mo
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Opportunities for Improving eGovern
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Prioritization and Geo-Spatiotempor
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[4] R.Bruggemann and Ganapati P. Pa
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equirements. A direct communication
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Stage - 2: Here the actual software
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membership associations, recreation
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Fig 1 : Agriculture Revolution 3. P
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sector, private sector, and civil s
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System For Measuring e-Gov: A Multi
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The Digital Divide’s Devaluing of
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[3] Coursey, D., & Norris, D.F. (20
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In Brazil, electronic accessibility
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2) The areas to which mobile and wi
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2. OVERVIEW OF DISTRICT MAPPING The
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3.4 Driving License Driving License
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and socio-economic backgrounds. The
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Figure - 2: eGovernment Implementat
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Tutorial: Digital Curation for Publ
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ut also provide sufficient detail o
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ABM is known as a bottom-up simulat
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5.2 Relation to Empirics “Where d
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Larson, Elizabeth .................
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