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From Inter-Agency Information Sharing to Open Data: A Case Study of Taiwan E-Government Tung-Mou Yang Department of Library and Information Science, National Taiwan University ABSTRACT Cross-boundary information sharing has been a thriving research field in e-Government which continues drawing researchers from various disciplines. Recently, open data has become an important policy among the government administrations around the world. Open data initiatives can be considered one type of crossboundary information sharing between government agencies and the public including businesses, nonprofit organizations, and individuals. While extensive research has been conducted in interagency information sharing, the proposed research intends to explore the open data initiatives in the context of Taiwan e- Government. The result of the research can be compared with those in interagency information sharing and also contribute to the current open data literature from an international perspective. Categories and Subject Descriptors H.4.2 [Information Systems Applications]: Type of Systems – e-Government Applications General Terms Management, Performance, Human Factors, Theory Keywords Information Sharing, Open Data, Electronic Government, Taiwan 1. INTRODUCTION Cross-boundary information sharing in the public sector plays an important role to help government agencies act more efficiently and effectively [1-3]. Through interagency information sharing, government agencies can provide more integrated, accurate, and innovative services to the public [4]. Researchers have studied cross-boundary information sharing from different perspectives to understand its complexity. The following section presents some brief discussions. Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, to republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. ICEGOV '12, October 22 - 25 2012, Albany, NY, United States, NY, USA Copyright 2012 ACM 978-1-4503-1200-4/12/10…$15.00. No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei, 10617 Taiwan (R.O.C.) +886.2.3366.2970 tmyang@ntu.edu.tw 477 2. RECENT RESEARCH IN CROSS- BOUNDARY INFORMATION SHARING In recent research, the purposes of cross-boundary information sharing are explored, and the shared information across government agencies can be initially categorized into five major types [5]. The identified five major types are data-oriented information, value-added information, administration-oriented information, administration-oriented knowledge, and domainoriented knowledge. Each type of shared information has respective influences on the information-sharing behaviors and intentions of government agencies while some information is easier to be prepared and shared, and some may be highly related to privacy and confidentiality. In order to understand the interactions of government agencies in information-sharing initiatives, a framework of boundary is proposed to identify various boundaries among government agencies from two dimensions, the vertical and horizontal dimensions [6]. The identified boundaries are hierarchical, departmental, personal, geographic, development level, process, and sectoral boundaries. The involved organizations are not limited to government agencies and public organizations. Organizations in the private sector such as banks are included. Researchers also investigate how information is shared across the boundaries of government agencies along with the development of information communication technologies [7]. Several frameworks are proposed to perceive how government agencies, influenced by various determinants, may adopt different kinds of ICT enabled approaches to share information in different circumstances In addition, there are multi-faceted factors such as barriers and enablers that bring either positive or negative impacts on information-sharing initiatives among government agencies. Different perspectives including technological, organizational, sociological, ideological, and political contexts are discussed extensively in the literature to explore the complexity of crossboundary information sharing in the public sector [1-3, 8]. Furthermore, cross-boundary information sharing is usually defined as the collaboration and interconnection of different information systems or telecommunication technologies to share data between entities such as groups, departments, and organizations [9]. Gil-Garcia at al. [1] also indicate that crossboundary information sharing activities can be considered as IT projects and usually lead to organizational structure changing and business process reengineering. By using Delone and Mclean’s [10] information systems success model, Yang [4] develops a preliminary and enhanced model to discuss how government
agencies evaluate the effectiveness of cross-boundary information sharing in the public sector. 3. CROSS-BOUNDARY INFORMATION SHARING AND OPEN DATA Overall, cross-boundary information sharing has been a thriving research field in e-Government and continues drawing researchers from various disciplines. The current research in literature mainly focuses on interagency information sharing. However, as researchers indicate, government agencies also share information to private enterprises or non-profit organizations, and a sectoral boundary is observed [6]. In addition, in recent years, open government has become an important policy among the government administrations around the world. In the memorandum on transparency and open government, Obama [11], the president of the United States, suggests that government should be transparent, participatory, and collaborative. He believes that information maintained by government is national asset. While consistent with law and policy, each government agency should disclose its possessed information in forms that the public can access and use. New information communication technologies should also be employed by government agencies to help put information online for the public. He also stresses that government agencies should cooperate with each other and with nonprofit organizations, businesses, and individuals to have the public engage in the work of government. Through public engagement, the efficiency and effectiveness of government can be enhanced and the quality of decision making can be improved by collective expertise and knowledge [11]. Therefore, cross-boundary information sharing is not limited to government agencies. Under the consent of current law and regulation, government agencies are encouraged to provide their possessed data to the public for innovative and value-added purposes by using the collective intelligence and creativity. While highly related to open data initiatives, cross-boundary information sharing in e-Government should not include only government agencies but also the general public should be counted. 4. THE PROPOSED RESEARCH While open data initiatives can be considered one type of crossboundary information sharing between government agencies and the public including businesses, nonprofit organizations, and individuals, the aforementioned research in the current information-sharing literature can be applied to open data initiatives to provide insights. For instance, what are the factors to influence government agencies’ intentions to participate in open data projects and to share data to the public? Whether the initiatives of interagency information sharing and the initiatives of open data share the same influential factors? In addition, open data are posted online and shared by using the newest ICTs. It is interesting to discuss whether the traditional IS theoretical frameworks such as TAM, UTATA, and IS Success theory can be applied to provide insights? It is also interesting to explore the information seeking behaviors of the public. When the public tries to retrieve governmental open data, what are the factors to influence its behaviors? By using case study methodology, the researcher of the proposed research is interested in investigating the current open data initiatives in Taiwan e-Government. Specifically, the following research questions will be explored: 478 1) In the setting of open data in e-Government, how are open data initiatives carried out by the Taiwanese governmental agencies? 2) What are the critical factors that influence the open data initiatives in Taiwan? 3) What is the nature of the impact of the factors on the open data initiatives? 4) How do government agencies and the public evaluate the effectiveness of open data initiatives? The result of this exploratory research will be compared with the research result in cross-boundary information sharing among government agencies. Lastly, the research can also contribute to the current open data literature from an international perspective. 5. REFERENCES [1] Gil-Garcia, J.R., I. Chengalur-Smith, and P. Duchessi, Collaborative e-Government: impediments and benefits of information-sharing projects in the public sector. European Journal of Information Systems, 2007. 16(2): p. 121-133. [2] Pardo, T.A. and G.K. Tayi, Interorganizational information integration: A key enabler for digital government. Government Information Quarterly, 2007. 24(4): p. 691-715. [3] Zhang, J. and S.S. Dawes, Expectations and perceptions of benefits, barriers, and success in public sector knowledge networks. Public Performance & Management Review, 2006. 29(4): p. 433-466. [4] Yang, T.-M., Extending current theories of cross-boundary information sharing and integration: A case study of Taiwan e-Government, 2011, University at Albany, State University of New York: Albany, NY, USA. [5] Yang, T.-M. and Y.-J. Wu. Identifying the information types and the purposes of cross-boundary information sharing. in American Society for Public Administration Annual Conference, Public Administration without Borders. 2011. Balimore, Maryland, USA. [6] Yang, T.-M., L. Zheng, and T.A. Pardo, The boundaries of information sharing and integration: A case study of Taiwan e-Government. Government Information Quarterly, 2012. 29(1): p. S51-S60. [7] Yang, T.-M. and T.A. Pardo. How is information shared across boundaries? in Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. 2011. Koloa, Kauai, Hawaii, USA: IEEE Computer Society. [8] Gil-Garcia, J.R. and T.A. Pardo, E-Government success factors: Mapping practical tools to theoretical foundations. Government Information Quarterly, 2005. 22(2): p. 187-216. [9] Barki, H. and A. Pinsonneault, A Model of Organizational Integration, Implementation Effort, and Performance Organization Science, 2005. 16(2): p. 165-179. [10] DeLone, W.H. and E.R. McLean, The DeLone and McLean model of information systems success: A ten-year update. Journal of Management information systems, 2003. 19(4): p. 9-30. [11] Obama, B. Memorandum on Transparency and Open Government. 2009 [cited 2012 March 3]; Available from: http://www.whitehouse.gov/the_press_office/Transparencyan dOpenGovernment.
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2012 ALBANY, NEW YORK UNITED STATES
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Foreword The 6 th International Con
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Table of Contents Forward .........
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Session 10: ICTs & Governance Trans
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o Revival of Farming Community with
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International Steering Committee Jo
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Jim DAVIES, Computing Laboratory, U
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Session 1 Open Government Data
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the combination of their moral sent
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involve the creation of a Network o
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approach [28] to expose indicators
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4. IMPLENTING PAR In order to come
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conclusions that might arise rom th
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6.3 Large Scale Implementation In r
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Implementation Framework for Open D
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2) Usage: Assessed by quantifying t
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Increasing Kenyan Open Data Consump
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insight into available data resourc
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New Perspectives for Electronic Gov
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Not without reason therefore that t
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Another principle adopted by this s
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access to public information, chang
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Open Government 2.0: Citizen Empowe
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As a third finding, we also found a
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Session 2 E-democracy & Participati
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two polarized (optimistic or utopia
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through aggregating, shaping, and c
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in-depth expert interviews, and wer
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government made of citizens’ cont
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[8] Putman, R.D. 1994. Making Democ
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The third stream of studies reviewe
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interests, gaining access to inform
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2. THEORETICAL FOUNDATION 2.1 The P
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epresentatives from the three main
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While letters to the editor could b
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person. Table 5: Public sphere char
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[32] Yang, S., H. Lee, and S. Kurni
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In March 2000, just a couple of mon
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society the gap will close [2]. The
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A New Roadmap for Next-Generation P
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needs and the activities of policy-
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[18] Moss, S., (2010). Policy Model
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2.1. National digital inclusion exp
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advanced initiatives specifically d
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involved later [22]. Several instit
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among lecturers and students parall
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2. COMPARATIVE E-GOVERNMENT IN LATI
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governments can innovate or be disc
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2. E-GOVERNMENT AS IS 2.1. E-Govern
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ankings on the formation of nationa
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Framework for Useful Transparency W
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are doing a good job overall in reg
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The Circular Continuum of Agencies,
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continue to rely on dial-up Interne
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this time the authors continue to w
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government agencies should consider
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The critical success factors for we
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include customers and competitors,
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Websites or columns for MFWs In thi
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According to our investigation, the
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Construction of Inter-regional Publ
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The Development of Public Smart Pho
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Stage Description 1 st stage (Simpl
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Understanding Citizens’ Perceptio
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performance compared to those provi
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Session 5 Information Sharing, Mode
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arising as a result of these two bi
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forms for the system. At the same t
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further investigation of the relati
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5.3.10 Commitment Both personal and
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law. Virginia Journal of Internatio
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available to others” [5]. Informa
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conflict around information sharing
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for understanding information polic
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primarily on the information flows
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On Public Service Provision Informa
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employs workflow management technol
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o Information. Represents any infor
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common documents repository at the
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Figure 15. Full model of Passport I
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142
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policies to prevent government agen
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ecause the majority of the shared i
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A Patent System Ontology for Facili
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uilt on top of the semantics of RDF
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dynamically derive relevancy based
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Figure 6. Cross-‐Reference betw
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Category II: After identifying some
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[8] De Nicola, A., Missikoff, M. an
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oral option, it also allows for a m
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mapping of citizens would ensure un
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Here the authors wish to extend the
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http://www.ecp.gov.pk/Reports/SPStr
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will enable to assess and confront
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The underlying DeLP process is as f
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Preparing for Digital Curation Gove
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semester hours. Nine of the forty-f
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REGNET: Regulatory Information Mana
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Search Terms/ Concepts References D
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4. COMPARATIVE STUDIES OF REGULATOR
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1105.4 [6] Content of Section 1105.
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Pollution Prevention Guide for Vehi
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From Information-Poor to Informatio
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To address the divide, specific gov
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ICT for Development and the MuNet P
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competencies and skills, contributi
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ICT Policy in Africa - A Comparativ
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essential and necessary to guide th
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Kenya it is the minister for Inform
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of existing Public Internet Access
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the policy process e.g. formulation
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Laggards or Victims of Socioeconomi
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Figure 3. Facilities & Services Enj
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Promoting user uptake of e-governme
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It was also decided that it was nec
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Session 8 Measurement 1
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technology (IT) projects by governm
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Gap = 5; The weak and unreliable In
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6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We are grateful
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aspects are hardly discussed as the
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service level agreements. The inter
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concensus of all participants, the
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Furthermore, it is understood from
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Mobile Technologies on the Internet
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of mothers. Based on this reason, w
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5.1.4 Precedence Plots Based on com
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3 indicators are similar but not th
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Latitude 10°�S 9°�S 8°�S 7
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7. CONCLUSION According to ORDIT an
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include but not limited to: payment
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Categories Only XSS (%) Table 2: Di
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From table 3, it can be deduced tha
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Session 9 Social Media in Governmen
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1. What kind of social media servic
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4.2.1 Facebook Usage Figure 3. Perc
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Government Crisis Communication on
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estoration theory. He termed it as
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Table 3. Strategies for Pre-crisis
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accounts, among which seven message
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information in the crisis event sta
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Government Official Microblogs: An
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It is worth mentioning that, while
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Managing Chinese Government Microbl
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due to their tremendous influence,
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3. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This research is
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3) Established year: to specify the
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Figure 6. Language used in Hong Kon
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E-Government and Transformation of
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and domestic as well as internation
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4.6 Computerisation of Railway Tick
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abysmally low (2.25). In addition t
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Evaluating and Assessing a Typology
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Exhaustiveness indicates that all c
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Fig. 1 Spatial Unit Fig. 3. By whom
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SUPPLEMENTARY TABLE 1. RESULT OF SE
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Explaining the eGovernment Paradox:
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eGovernment services to a large ext
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policy agenda, as Heeks [10] says,
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Implementation Plan’s outcomes an
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Conference on eGovernment (pp. 90-9
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Investigating the Relationships bet
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hybrid or authoritarian regime. Bov
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Technologies, Tools and Web 2.0 in
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with resources, peers and experts w
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cluster were: Court Clerks; Court,
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(8 questions) and the third subpart
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http://ux.brookdalecc.edu/governanc
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the examination of the 311 program
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3. CASE STUDY METHOD This study use
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discuss departmental performance at
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or laptop computers. Internet conne
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[2] Anavitarte, L. and Tratz-Ryan,
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A Literature Review: IT Governance
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Interviewees Useful? Table 3. Inter
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Assessment of Success Factors of e-
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In view of different theoretical ap
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approximate figure of 60% of intern
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difference between its priority and
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Computer Supported Contractor Selec
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(2) conduction of the public auctio
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E-Government Success Factors in the
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creating different incentives and p
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American and the Caribbean Institut
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* Note: A 7-points Likert scale was
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showed to be useful, for collecting
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Public CIO, Figurehead or Decision-
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4.2 Operative CIO The Operative CIO
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Session 12 Implementation & Impact
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NYSED is responsible for collecting
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considered markers that are able to
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many of the MDGs. The direct impact
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strongly believed that local govern
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Goal Variables Measurements 2 3 Com
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Hypothesis Variables Endogenous Exo
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[16] Joreskog, K.G., and Sorbom, D.
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GoN has addressed the challenge to
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Figures 6 and 7. Computer classes a
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ICT-enabled Delivery of Maternal He
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3. E-HEALTH 3.1 ICTs and Health Com
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Chart 1 [40] GHANA - Total Telephon
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change their behaviour, improve the
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activities such as the MoTeCH partn
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If We Build it Will They Come? A Mi
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The methodology contains inherent l
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information about their broadband s
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Session 13 E-democracy & Participat
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attempt to influence future behavio
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Evidence shows that cognitive facto
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success factors for eParticipation[
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structure of the forum as well as t
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government as well as augmenting di
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Figure 1: Message content 4.3 Messa
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Figure 6: Associated levels 4.10 At
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improve the government management e
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Session 14 Information Structure
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2. HEALTHCARE IN RURAL INDIA Health
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Cloud Data Center Internet Service
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Reliability of data: data collected
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Information System (NHIS). A Nation
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charge are either not aware of the
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from this medium. Additional securi
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attacks require the adversary to ma
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actions with yet unknown recipients
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Session 15 Measurement 2
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2. LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Electronic
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Among the main limitations and chal
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Furthermore, our study demonstrates
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E-Government Portals in Central Ame
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Figure - 2: eGovernment Implementat
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Tutorial: Digital Curation for Publ
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ut also provide sufficient detail o
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ABM is known as a bottom-up simulat
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5.2 Relation to Empirics “Where d
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Larson, Elizabeth .................
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