INTERACTION DESIGN PRINCIPLES FOR INTERACTIVE ...

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When fully realized on a widespread scale, our current experience of watching television will be dramatically transformed. However, “as computing merges with viewing, it becomes important to examine the differences between the two activities, especially if we are to bridge the gulf that lies between them” (Skelly, et al., 1994). Because iTV is neither television nor computing, but a new convergent medium in its own right, standards for iTV programming and interaction in the United States remain undefined. According to Suzanne Stefanac of RespondTV, the single greatest stumbling block iTV faces is the lack of a clear standard (Pignetti & Capria, 2001). While there have been initiatives establish technical production standards for iTV (Halle, 2003; iTV Standards, 2005), there has been very little discussion about interaction design and content. As a result, interactivity is often poorly conceived and retroactively fitted to existing shows instead of integrated into programs at their conception. Consumers are confused by a variety of platforms and interfaces, unsure of what to do as well as unmotivated to act. At the moment, no unified resource exists that defines good interaction design principles for interactive television in the U.S. This is a problem that is recognized by many professionals within the iTV industry who are now working in collaboration to advance the success of iTV in the U.S. This document identifies and articulates interaction design principles for interactive television programming in the United States. I begin in chapter one by conducting a brief survey of the field as it stands in 2005. In chapters two and three, I categorize iTV by platforms and by persistent television genres, and present representative examples for each category. In chapter four, I provide an overview of existing design standards in related areas. Insights from chapters two, three, and four all serve to inform chapter five, in which I propose principles for iTV interaction design by 3
looking closely at existing designs (both deployed and prototyped), conventions, and patterns of interaction. My analyses are rooted in visual culture and human-computer interaction design principles, and the design principles I offer are abstracted from the applications I analyze within this framework. Finally, I offer some conclusions and thoughts for future directions in chapter six. The principles I identify in this document are meant to be robust enough to support designs within a convergent system that is open-ended and continually changing. Given the range of settings in which iTV programming can be applied, the principles I propose reflect general features of iTV programming that occur across a variety of settings; therefore, the principles will necessarily guide different designs in different ways. This document was developed in collaboration with the Interactive Television Alliance 1 . It should serve as a reference for industry professionals in thinking about good design practices for this new convergent medium. 1.2 STATISTICS The trends arising out of relevant statistics on factors conducive to successful iTV deployment (e.g., television ownership and viewing habits, broadband and digital services, computer and Internet usage, ownership of mobile devices) indicate that as these enabling technologies continue to evolve, so are viewers’ media consumption habits. Most notably, while television is nearly ubiquitous throughout the United States, consumers are increasingly using it simultaneously with other media options such as email, cell phones, or blogs. The statistics in this section suggest that the timing is poised 1 The Interactive Television Alliance is an independent trade association representing the broad interests of the entire ITV industry. Web site: http://itvalliance.org 4
Page 1 and 2: INTERACTION DESIGN PRINCIPLES FOR I
Page 3 and 4: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This thesis would n
Page 5 and 6: 2.3.3 Constraints 2.4 Electronic /
Page 7 and 8: 4.2 Designing for Television 4.2.1
Page 9 and 10: Table 1.1 Table 1.2 Table 1.3 Table
Page 11 and 12: Figure 2.6 Figure 2.7 Figure 2.8 Fi
Page 13 and 14: Figure 5.4 Figure 5.5 Figure 5.6 Fi
Page 15 and 16: Figure 5.36 Figure 5.37 Figure 5.38
Page 17 and 18: SUMMARY Interactive television (iTV
Page 19: However, it is clear that televisio
Page 23 and 24: For viewers with analog television
Page 25 and 26: Figure 1.3 Percent of Households wi
Page 27 and 28: interact with television shows by u
Page 29 and 30: New Media usage is dominated by 18
Page 31 and 32: Figure 1.6 Winky Dink and You The o
Page 33 and 34: 1.4.1 BBC Interactive Figure 1.7 In
Page 35 and 36: 1.4.2 Additional Examples Many othe
Page 37 and 38: Table 1.6 (continued). Greece Local
Page 39 and 40: Table 1.6 (continued). New Zealand
Page 41 and 42: using a combination of visual cultu
Page 43 and 44: CHAPTER 2 BROAD CATEGORIES OF ITV P
Page 45 and 46: Table 2.1 Categorization of iTV by
Page 47 and 48: capable of storing an enormous amou
Page 49 and 50: (c) Figure 2.2 Examples of Comcast
Page 51 and 52: (c) (d) Figure 2.3 Examples of Gems
Page 53 and 54: users to send email, chat, and surf
Page 55 and 56: 2.6 WEB-BASED SYNCHRONOUS (TWO-SCRE
Page 57 and 58: interactive or enhanced content on
Page 59 and 60: they allow for greater versatility,
Page 61 and 62: Networks have also used wireless de
Page 63 and 64: The American Film Institute’s enh
Page 65 and 66: game consoles with televisions and
Page 67 and 68: Interactivity must be tied to origi
Page 69 and 70: CHAPTER 3 BROAD CATEGORIES OF ITV P
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information about the topic at hand
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said they would do so again in the
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3.2.1 Representative Example in Spo
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(a) (b) Figure 3.3 Test the Nation
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interactive TV betting service tota
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application was also available on t
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the ABC telecast throughout the eve
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platforms. The navigation is timeli
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3.7 SHOPPING Shopping, or purchasin
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- and as close to the regular exper
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CNN Crossfire, broadcast in front o
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Dramas may need to operate under a
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The participatory aspect of many pr
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4.1.1 Grid-Based Design Grid-based
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The Law of Similarity. Elements tha
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more visually pleasing, but can hel
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Figure 4.3 TV Aspect Ratios Althoug
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and graphics-safe areas for designi
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4.2.4 Line Width The image on a tel
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shapes, to make similar letters dis
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specification. OCAP is intended to
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pages. Web applications that exceed
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Source: Human Factors International
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working on a computer is not a soli
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media, among others. Figure 4.9 pro
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MSN TV 2, which Microsoft rolled ou
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with a handheld remote control from
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Table 4.2 outlines some of the diff
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should be designed with the televis
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Pages that appear in series, one af
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CHAPTER 5 PRINCIPLES OF INTERACTION
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through… The computer’s spatial
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medium. The current state of this e
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through the different elements offe
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y the wider context of the program
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History IQ focused on keeping the i
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een programs that were still in dev
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features of a DVD immediately after
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context where the learner is consci
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viewing experiences so that each vi
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(a) (b) Figure 5.10 TiVo WishList (
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e voted off the island. In both cas
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them so conducive to iTV programmin
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own content in ways similar to this
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In the first of a series of on-air
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Jakob Nielsen notes that users are
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(a) (b) Figure 5.22 TV411 Interface
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Figure 5.25 Life 360 Competing Elem
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(a) (b) (c) (d) Figure 5.28 Example
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epresentative of the red button tha
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Lamont brings up compelling advanta
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lower right-hand areas are privileg
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5.4 NAVIGATION Navigation pertains
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Figure 5.35 New Americans Orientati
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Figure 5.37 Test the Nation User In
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applications based on the televisio
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esearchers, “In many ways, the pa
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In Robert Miller’s classic user r
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ecycling bin from Windows, that sta
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importance (see chapter three). In
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Figure 5.46 Examples of Mobile Inte
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CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DI
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Figure 6.2 Convergence of Entertain
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(a) Figure 6.3 Examples of MTV Hija
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television producers to create show
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user-centered design, incorporates
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Sheri Lamont, who has practiced and
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ecognition of outstanding achieveme
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REFERENCES Adams, M., Anand, P. & F
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Halle, T. (2003). Standards for int
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Norman, D. (2004) Emotional design:
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Thurrott, P. (2004, October 12). Wi
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BROADBAND A network capable of deli
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MEDIA CENTER Media centers, or PC T
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which a television and a personal c
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