INTERACTION DESIGN PRINCIPLES FOR INTERACTIVE ...

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Table 6.1 Examples of Usability Research Tools and Techniques Tool Explanation Card sorting Can be used to help understand how viewers structure a topic or issue in their minds. Users categorize words or concepts written on cards. Results can be fed into the navigation design of a service and the requirements. Paper prototyping Quick and easy sketches of aspects of an application, aimed at helping clarify requirements and at highlighting issues. Heuristic evaluation Evaluating a service based on a specific set of principles (a technique known as expert evaluation is similar but more openended). Walkthroughs Predicting and testing the usability of a service by working through the experience of using it (asking what actions users would expect to take at various points, for example). It’s very useful to watch videos of users doing walkthroughs. Think aloud techniques Users say what comes to mind during testing. Journal studies Asking users to keep journals of their daily experiences and use of a particular service. Button hit records Recording the number of button presses uses take to perform particular tasks. User surveys and checklists Contextual research and ethnographic research Questions or items on particular issues or aspects of the design and navigation. Observing user behavior in real-world contexts. Eye tracking studies Actually following how people’s eyes move across the screen. Scenario analysis Examining how users perform different tasks in specific contexts and circumstances. 185
Sheri Lamont, who has practiced and written specifically about applying user- centered design processes to designing for interactive television, advocates using heuristics and walkthroughs as soon as storyboards or mock-ups of the initial design have been created. According to Lamont, heuristic evaluation (Nielsen, 1994) and the streamlined cognitive walkthrough (Spencer, 2000) are two types of usability evaluations that can be conducted very early in the design process, be done on low-fidelity prototypes, and do not require a lot of money and time for them to be completed (2003a). Another established approach in HCI is the creation of “personas,” or models of different types of viewers, which are imaginary persons who represent the core user group of an application. Personas, which are presented in vivid narrative descriptions, are constructed based on user goals, attitudes, and behaviors distilled from observation or interviews. For example, one persona might be a housewife with school-aged children who watch primarily daytime soap operas; another persona could be a college student with TiVo who watches crime dramas and movies late at night and on the weekends. It is useful to construct and study personas that represent a large percentage of viewers. Based on these, designers can consider how each persona might use their interface and design based upon these considerations (MIT Communications Forum, 2004). The design principles I proposed in chapter five are represent only one component in the larger scheme of good interaction design practice. In order for an iTV experience to be as successful and compelling as possible, many parties must work together in the design process and they must follow the cycle depicted in Figure 6.5. User-centered design and iterative design practices should not be forsaken for the sake of convenience. 186
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INTERACTION DESIGN PRINCIPLES FOR I
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This thesis would n
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2.3.3 Constraints 2.4 Electronic /
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4.2 Designing for Television 4.2.1
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Table 1.1 Table 1.2 Table 1.3 Table
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Figure 2.6 Figure 2.7 Figure 2.8 Fi
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Figure 5.4 Figure 5.5 Figure 5.6 Fi
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Figure 5.36 Figure 5.37 Figure 5.38
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SUMMARY Interactive television (iTV
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However, it is clear that televisio
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looking closely at existing designs
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For viewers with analog television
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Figure 1.3 Percent of Households wi
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interact with television shows by u
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New Media usage is dominated by 18
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Figure 1.6 Winky Dink and You The o
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1.4.1 BBC Interactive Figure 1.7 In
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1.4.2 Additional Examples Many othe
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Table 1.6 (continued). Greece Local
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Table 1.6 (continued). New Zealand
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using a combination of visual cultu
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CHAPTER 2 BROAD CATEGORIES OF ITV P
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Table 2.1 Categorization of iTV by
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capable of storing an enormous amou
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(c) Figure 2.2 Examples of Comcast
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(c) (d) Figure 2.3 Examples of Gems
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users to send email, chat, and surf
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2.6 WEB-BASED SYNCHRONOUS (TWO-SCRE
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interactive or enhanced content on
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they allow for greater versatility,
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Networks have also used wireless de
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The American Film Institute’s enh
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game consoles with televisions and
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Interactivity must be tied to origi
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CHAPTER 3 BROAD CATEGORIES OF ITV P
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information about the topic at hand
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said they would do so again in the
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3.2.1 Representative Example in Spo
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(a) (b) Figure 3.3 Test the Nation
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interactive TV betting service tota
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application was also available on t
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the ABC telecast throughout the eve
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platforms. The navigation is timeli
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3.7 SHOPPING Shopping, or purchasin
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- and as close to the regular exper
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CNN Crossfire, broadcast in front o
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Dramas may need to operate under a
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The participatory aspect of many pr
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4.1.1 Grid-Based Design Grid-based
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The Law of Similarity. Elements tha
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more visually pleasing, but can hel
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Figure 4.3 TV Aspect Ratios Althoug
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and graphics-safe areas for designi
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4.2.4 Line Width The image on a tel
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shapes, to make similar letters dis
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specification. OCAP is intended to
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pages. Web applications that exceed
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Source: Human Factors International
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working on a computer is not a soli
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media, among others. Figure 4.9 pro
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MSN TV 2, which Microsoft rolled ou
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with a handheld remote control from
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Table 4.2 outlines some of the diff
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should be designed with the televis
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Pages that appear in series, one af
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CHAPTER 5 PRINCIPLES OF INTERACTION
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through… The computer’s spatial
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medium. The current state of this e
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through the different elements offe
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y the wider context of the program
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History IQ focused on keeping the i
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een programs that were still in dev
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features of a DVD immediately after
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context where the learner is consci
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viewing experiences so that each vi
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Page 175 and 176: 5.4 NAVIGATION Navigation pertains
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Page 185 and 186: In Robert Miller’s classic user r
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Page 191 and 192: Figure 5.46 Examples of Mobile Inte
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Page 195 and 196: Figure 6.2 Convergence of Entertain
Page 197 and 198: (a) Figure 6.3 Examples of MTV Hija
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Page 207 and 208: REFERENCES Adams, M., Anand, P. & F
Page 209 and 210: Halle, T. (2003). Standards for int
Page 211 and 212: Norman, D. (2004) Emotional design:
Page 213 and 214: Thurrott, P. (2004, October 12). Wi
Page 215 and 216: BROADBAND A network capable of deli
Page 217 and 218: MEDIA CENTER Media centers, or PC T
Page 219: which a television and a personal c
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