INTERACTION DESIGN PRINCIPLES FOR INTERACTIVE ...

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for successful and widespread iTV deployment, both in terms of technological advancement as well as consumer habits. 1.2.1 Television According to the U.S. Census Bureau, in 2001, 98.2% of American households owned at least one television set, with the average number of sets per household being 2.4. According to the A.C. Nielsen Company, the average American watches more than 4 hours of TV per day. It was projected that an average adult (age 18 and older) will watch 1,669 hours (or approximately 70 days) of television in 2004 (U.S. Census Bureau, 2004). However, as the section on simultaneous use of media will illustrate, while television remains the media option of choice, people’s viewing habits are increasingly changing to include the use of other media technologies and devices during their television viewing time. 1.2.2 Digital Services The Telecommunications Act of 1996 mandates that all cable industry providers offer digital services including HDTV (high definition television), video on demand, and high-speed Internet access by 2006. Since 2002, major cable companies such as Comcast, Time Warner, and Cox Communications have been offering HDTV in dozens of markets across the country. As of the fourth quarter of 2004, more than one-third of U.S. cable customers (approximately 24.3 million) subscribed to digital cable services, which provide an array of interactive features including digital video recorders (DVR), video on demand (VOD), interactive program guides (IPG), among others. As of September 1, 2004, HDTV was available in 90 million American households (NCTA, 2004). On the content side, cable programmers including HBO, Showtime, ESPN, and Discovery have become leading providers of high definition programming. 5
For viewers with analog television sets, a set-top box is necessary to receive and decode digital television broadcasts. It is estimated that 35 million homes will use digital set-top boxes by the end of 2006. Table 1.1 shows the top eleven digital TV platforms in the U.S. and the number of subscribers each, respectively, as of August 2004 (Broadband Bananas). Table 1.1 Top 11 U.S. Digital TV Platforms and Subscribers Platform Name SAT/CAB Number of Subscribers DISH (Echostar) SAT 9 million digital subscribers. 1 million of these have DVR. AT&T Broadband CAB 13,750,001 subscribers. Deployed digital 3,933,000. DirecTV SAT 10,400,000 subscribers. Comcast Cable Communications Charter Communications AOL Time Warner Cox Communications CAB 21,289,200 analog subscribers. Deployed digital 6,618,700. CAB 6,578,800 analog subscribers. 2,682,800 digital subscribers. CAB 10,938,000 analog subscribers. 4,082 digital subscribers. CAB 6,206,700 subscribers. Deployed digital 841,824. Cablevision (iO) CAB 2,988,600 subscribers. 46,200 digital subscribers. Adelphia Communications CAB 2,300,000 subscribers. Mediacom LLC CAB 1,585,000 subscribers. Deployed digital 200,000. Insight Communications CAB 1,361,300 subscribers. Approximately 150,000 digital subscribers. Figure 1.2 shows the digital TV broadcast rollout and top 10 and 30 markets in the U.S. predicted for 2006. 6
Page 1 and 2: INTERACTION DESIGN PRINCIPLES FOR I
Page 3 and 4: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This thesis would n
Page 5 and 6: 2.3.3 Constraints 2.4 Electronic /
Page 7 and 8: 4.2 Designing for Television 4.2.1
Page 9 and 10: Table 1.1 Table 1.2 Table 1.3 Table
Page 11 and 12: Figure 2.6 Figure 2.7 Figure 2.8 Fi
Page 13 and 14: Figure 5.4 Figure 5.5 Figure 5.6 Fi
Page 15 and 16: Figure 5.36 Figure 5.37 Figure 5.38
Page 17 and 18: SUMMARY Interactive television (iTV
Page 19 and 20: However, it is clear that televisio
Page 21: looking closely at existing designs
Page 25 and 26: Figure 1.3 Percent of Households wi
Page 27 and 28: interact with television shows by u
Page 29 and 30: New Media usage is dominated by 18
Page 31 and 32: Figure 1.6 Winky Dink and You The o
Page 33 and 34: 1.4.1 BBC Interactive Figure 1.7 In
Page 35 and 36: 1.4.2 Additional Examples Many othe
Page 37 and 38: Table 1.6 (continued). Greece Local
Page 39 and 40: Table 1.6 (continued). New Zealand
Page 41 and 42: using a combination of visual cultu
Page 43 and 44: CHAPTER 2 BROAD CATEGORIES OF ITV P
Page 45 and 46: Table 2.1 Categorization of iTV by
Page 47 and 48: capable of storing an enormous amou
Page 49 and 50: (c) Figure 2.2 Examples of Comcast
Page 51 and 52: (c) (d) Figure 2.3 Examples of Gems
Page 53 and 54: users to send email, chat, and surf
Page 55 and 56: 2.6 WEB-BASED SYNCHRONOUS (TWO-SCRE
Page 57 and 58: interactive or enhanced content on
Page 59 and 60: they allow for greater versatility,
Page 61 and 62: Networks have also used wireless de
Page 63 and 64: The American Film Institute’s enh
Page 65 and 66: game consoles with televisions and
Page 67 and 68: Interactivity must be tied to origi
Page 69 and 70: CHAPTER 3 BROAD CATEGORIES OF ITV P
Page 71 and 72: information about the topic at hand
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said they would do so again in the
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3.2.1 Representative Example in Spo
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(a) (b) Figure 3.3 Test the Nation
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interactive TV betting service tota
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application was also available on t
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the ABC telecast throughout the eve
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platforms. The navigation is timeli
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3.7 SHOPPING Shopping, or purchasin
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- and as close to the regular exper
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CNN Crossfire, broadcast in front o
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Dramas may need to operate under a
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The participatory aspect of many pr
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4.1.1 Grid-Based Design Grid-based
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The Law of Similarity. Elements tha
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more visually pleasing, but can hel
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Figure 4.3 TV Aspect Ratios Althoug
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and graphics-safe areas for designi
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4.2.4 Line Width The image on a tel
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shapes, to make similar letters dis
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specification. OCAP is intended to
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pages. Web applications that exceed
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Source: Human Factors International
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working on a computer is not a soli
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media, among others. Figure 4.9 pro
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MSN TV 2, which Microsoft rolled ou
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with a handheld remote control from
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Table 4.2 outlines some of the diff
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should be designed with the televis
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Pages that appear in series, one af
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CHAPTER 5 PRINCIPLES OF INTERACTION
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through… The computer’s spatial
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medium. The current state of this e
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through the different elements offe
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y the wider context of the program
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History IQ focused on keeping the i
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een programs that were still in dev
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features of a DVD immediately after
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context where the learner is consci
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viewing experiences so that each vi
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(a) (b) Figure 5.10 TiVo WishList (
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e voted off the island. In both cas
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them so conducive to iTV programmin
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own content in ways similar to this
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In the first of a series of on-air
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Jakob Nielsen notes that users are
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(a) (b) Figure 5.22 TV411 Interface
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Figure 5.25 Life 360 Competing Elem
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(a) (b) (c) (d) Figure 5.28 Example
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epresentative of the red button tha
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Lamont brings up compelling advanta
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lower right-hand areas are privileg
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5.4 NAVIGATION Navigation pertains
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Figure 5.35 New Americans Orientati
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Figure 5.37 Test the Nation User In
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applications based on the televisio
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esearchers, “In many ways, the pa
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In Robert Miller’s classic user r
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ecycling bin from Windows, that sta
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importance (see chapter three). In
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Figure 5.46 Examples of Mobile Inte
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CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DI
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Figure 6.2 Convergence of Entertain
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(a) Figure 6.3 Examples of MTV Hija
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television producers to create show
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user-centered design, incorporates
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Sheri Lamont, who has practiced and
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ecognition of outstanding achieveme
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REFERENCES Adams, M., Anand, P. & F
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Halle, T. (2003). Standards for int
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Norman, D. (2004) Emotional design:
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Thurrott, P. (2004, October 12). Wi
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BROADBAND A network capable of deli
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MEDIA CENTER Media centers, or PC T
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which a television and a personal c
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