Poverty and Human Development Report 2009 - UNDP in Tanzania

POVERTY AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009
Goal 3
74
Increased Access to Clean Affordable and Safe Water,
Sanitation, Decent Shelter, and a Safe and Sustainable
Environment
For the purposes of monitoring progress against this goal, the following five indicators have been
defined.
• Proportion of population with access to piped or protected water as their main drinking
water source (with a 30 minute timeframe spent on going, collecting and returning to be
taken into consideration)
•
•
•
•
Number of reported cholera cases
Percentage of households with basic sanitation facilities
Percentage of schools having adequate sanitation facilities (as per MoEVT policy)
Total area under community-based natural resources management
Access to Clean and Safe Water
Proportion of Population with Access to Piped or Protected Water
There are two main sources of data on access to clean and safe water: (i) routine data collected
by utilities and local government authorities, and collated by the Ministry of Water and Irrigation
(MoWI); and (ii) data from periodic household surveys conducted by the National Bureau of
Statistics. More fundamentally, the two data sources measure different things; routine data
monitors the presence and functionality of infrastructure (for example, number of functioning
public water points) while household surveys measure actual access to water by households.
The routine data system measures sector outputs and estimates access based on assumptions
of the number of households expected to utilise a service point. Household surveys measure
outcomes, i.e. provide actual estimates of utilisation of services. The use of these different
measurement approaches accounts for the apparent inconsistency in access data.
The issue of data inconsistencies has been discussed at length in PHDR 2005 and 2007, and at
sector level, under the Joint Water Sector Review processes, a working group for performance
monitoring has been seeking to address the problem since October 2006. As a way forward, a
coherent framework for performance monitoring under the Water Sector Development Programme
(WSDP) has been proposed. The framework clearly separates measurements of outputs from
outcomes for each of the various sub-sectors. Since MKUKUTA indicators measure outcomes
at household level, survey data provide the most reliable source for monitoring progress towards
water and sanitation targets.
Figure 34 below presents both routine and survey data for access to clean and safe water in both
urban and rural areas, spanning the last 18 years, along with key future targets – MKUKUTA in
2010, MDG in 2015 and the Tanzania Development Vision 2025.