Poverty and Human Development Report 2009 - UNDP in Tanzania

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POVERTY AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 Figure 46: Summary of Controller and Auditor General (CAG) Reports for LGAs, 1999 to 2006/07 Source: National Audit Office - Reports of the Controller and Auditor General (various years). Notes: In 2004, the fiscal year for LGAs was changed to coincide with the Central Government FY from July – July. Previously LGA FY was on a calendar year basis. Thus the year marked 2004* included only six months: January-June 2004. Improvements in transparency and accountability at the local level will require expanded citizen involvement in the scrutiny of LGA budgets and expenditures against development plans. Results from the citizen surveys have shown that public participation in local affairs and information dissemination are slowly improving. An audit opinion is followed by a response by management in a management letter. Councillors’ discussion of management letters and the systematic follow-up of actions included in those letters would help ensure more effective and efficient financial performance at the local level. In addition, there could be consideration of conducting ‘value-for-money’ audits in councils to assess whether expenditures are commensurate with the outputs or outcomes achieved. Budget Allocations to Local Government Authorities Initiated in 1997, the Local Government Reform Programme (LGRP) aims to transfer the duties and financial resources for delivering public services from the central government to local government authorities (LGAs). The LGRP’s long-term goal is to reduce the proportion of Tanzanians living in poverty, by improving citizens’ access to quality public services provided through autonomous local authorities. Underpinning this process of decentralisation, local government authorities are considered to be better placed to identify and respond to local priorities, and to supply the appropriate form and level of public services to meet citizens’ needs. Various sector reform programmes have also been introduced which complement the LGRP. 116
To achieve its long-term goal, the LGRP aims to strengthen local financing and planning by: (i) enhancing the procedures whereby the central government provides budget allocations to LGAs; (ii) increasing revenue collections by LGAs through reforms to local tax systems; and (iii) improving financial management in LGAs. CHAPTER 1 - CLUSTER III - GOAL 2 The overall objectives of the fiscal reforms are to ensure that local authorities have adequate funding to deliver social services, have greater responsibility and autonomy in allocating their budgets, and use financial resources prudently. In line with local government reforms, key sectors, such as education and health, have also reformed and increased their financing to LGAs. The specific MKUKUTA indicator related to financial allocations to local government authorities is the ‘Percentage of LGAs that receive the full calculated amount of their annual formula-based budget allocation’. However, as discussed in detail below, the roll-out of formula-based allocations is still in progress. Therefore, the proxy indicator ‘Percentage of LGAs qualifying for Local Government Capital Development Grants’ is monitored. Data show that the proportion of LGAs that qualified for the LGCDG has increased from 51% in 2006/07 to 98% in 2009/10. To more comprehensively assess progress towards meeting Goal 2, the achievements and ongoing challenges of the LGA fiscal reform process are examined in the following sections. Formula-based Budget Allocations In 2004, an important agreement between the Government of Tanzania and Development Partners was reached in principle towards reforming central government fiscal transfers to LGAs, whereby formulas would be applied to calculate allocations to LGAs for recurrent expenditures in six key sectors – education, health, local roads, agriculture, water and administration – and a new joint donor-Government funded block grant for development, the Local Government Capital Development Grant (LGCDG) was introduced. The primary objectives of these reforms were to: (i) share resources more transparently and fairly by application of needs-based formulas; and (ii) to enhance LGAs’ autonomy in budget allocations and implementation of local development plans. Progress in the reform of recurrent fiscal transfers has been modest. Although formula-based allocations were agreed and endorsed by the Cabinet, they have not yet been fully implemented (PMO-RALG, 2007b and 2007c). Recurrent transfers are predominantly composed of personal emoluments (PE). However, staff recruitment and deployment remains largely centralised, so it has not been possible to apply formula-based allocations in practice. As a consequence, fiscal allocations to LGAs are unequal. Figure 47 presents data on allocations for education staff in selected councils in 2007/08. The figure shows that allocations for council education staff ranged from TShs 5,000 to over Tshs 20,000 per capita. 117
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UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA POVERTY
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COnTEnTS List of Tables ...........
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MKUKUTA Cluster II: CONteNts Improv
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CONteNts Data.for.Monitoring.......
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CONteNts HOUSEHOLD OCCUPATION AND P
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Table 25: Table 26: Percent of Adul
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Figure 21: Figure 22: Percentage of
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LisT Of AbbREViATiONs AIDS Acquired
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PRSP Poverty Reduction Strategy Pap
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ExECUTIvE SUMMARy The Poverty and H
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in poverty. Nonetheless, the challe
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evise allocations based on identifi
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Monitoring Implications A comprehen
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eXeCUtiVe sUMMarY Good governance a
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Chapter Progress towards the goals
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GDP Growth by Sector the principal
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Figure 2: Sectoral Contribution to
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Chapter I CLUSter 1 Box 2: The Impa
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Household Income (Consumption) Pove
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Income Poverty and GDP Growth the 2
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although global oil and food prices
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Figure 6: FDI Inflows 2000-2008 (US
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orrow from outside tanzania, where
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Infrastructure Roads the condition
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quantity but also in quality. for i
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Chapter I CLUSter 1 GOaL 4 & 5 prop
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Customers Connected to Sources of E
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Cluster I Conclusions and Policy Im
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MKUKUTA INDICATORS - SUMMARY OF DAT
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Indicator Baseline Trend Target MKU
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MKUKUTA Cluster II: Improvement of
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Regional variations in enrolment ha
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CLUSTER II- GOAL 1 and/or not compl
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Pupil/Teacher Ratio Overall, the pu
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provision of housing, funding for w
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CLUSTER II- GOAL 1 Table 11: Primar
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Table 12: Benefit Incidence Analysi
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Figure 15: Infant and Under-Five Mo
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Figure 17: Prevalence of Malaria in
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Figure 19: Percentage of Children U
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Table 13: Indicators of Malnutritio
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CLUSTER II- GOAL 2 Ghana (Edmond et
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Figure 24: Percentage of Births Tak
Page 95 and 96: Figure 26: HIV Prevalence by Age Gr
Page 97 and 98: Figure 28: Projected Number of Adul
Page 99 and 100: Projections based on the model indi
Page 101 and 102: Access to Healthcare Services On th
Page 103 and 104: Health Services Development Strateg
Page 105 and 106: Figure 34: Access to Clean and Safe
Page 110 and 111: POVERTY AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPOR
Page 128 and 129: MKUKUTA INDICATORS - SUMMARY OF DAT
Page 130 and 131: Target Indicator Baseline Trend MKU
Page 136 and 137: Sources: a = various sources as ind
Page 164 and 165: Indicator Baseline Trend Target MKU
Page 173 and 174: Chapter 2 An AnAlysis of household
Page 175 and 176: Composition of Consumption Consumpt
Page 177 and 178: the poverty line basket was valued
Page 179 and 180: Figure 50: Daily Caloric Intake per
Page 181 and 182: Figure 52: Poverty Incidence Curves
Page 183 and 184: Food share typically, a drop in the
Page 185 and 186: Liters per Adult Equivalent Kilogra
Page 187 and 188: Kilograms per Adult Equivalent 6 5
Page 189 and 190: Consumer Durables data from the hBs
Page 191 and 192: Additional data from the tanzania h
Page 193 and 194: Table 41: Percent of All Households
Page 195 and 196: Table 44: Percent of Males and Fema
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Table 46: Distribution of Household
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Conclusion Chapter 2 income poverty
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pOVertY aND hUMaN DeVeLOpMeNt repOr
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Chapter 2 Hoogeveen, J. & Ruhinduka
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Poverty and Human Development Report 2009 - UNDP in Tanzania

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