Poverty and Human Development Report 2009 - UNDP in Tanzania

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pOVertY aND hUMaN DeVeLOpMeNt repOrt 2009 forecast container volumes indicate the need for construction of a new, much larger port, capable of servicing domestic and regional needs over the long term. in conjunction with the planned expansion of dar es salaam port, additional cargo movement through tanga and Mtwara ports will help to reduce congestion. tanzania’s coastal ports hold huge potential and, under the right conditions, can perform efficiently and competitively. Environmental Impact Assessments environmental impact assessments (eias) are both a planning and a decision-making tool to facilitate the adoption of economically viable and environmentally sound development projects while averting costly impacts on communities. the MKUKUta indicator – the proportion of enterprises undertaking environmental impact assessments complying with regulations – is intended to provide a national view of the extent of compliance with environmental standards. the environmental Management act (eMa) (2004) also requires that this indicator be monitored. no updated data are available from the national environment Management council (neMc) for this indicator. however, experiences with eias in tanzania have shown that they do not always influence decisions, because the option of stopping projects is hardly considered. Many developers, including government entities, are yet to fully appreciate the value of eias, but rather consider the assessments as obstacles to economic development. this is due to the fact that projects are often considered to be of national, political and/or strategic importance, and these perceived imperatives can override consideration of negative environmental impacts. it is therefore critical to establish a reliable and transparent eia system that takes into account the developmental context in tanzania. furthermore, the single indicator in MKUKUta’s current monitoring system does not take into account the larger impact of climate change on the environment. tanzania is expected to be affected both by warmer temperatures which will impact cropping patterns, as well as higher sea levels which may impact coastal communities, including the cities of dar es salaam and tanga. Goal 3 Improving Food Availability and Accessibility at Household Level in Urban and Rural Areas the availability of food, both in required quantity and quality is a fundamental aspect of human well-being, and a lack of food to achieve and sustain good health is a clear manifestation of extreme poverty. food security has three aspects: food availability, food accessibility and food utilisation. food availability refers to the supply of food which should be sufficient in quantity, while food access refers to the demand for food, which is influenced by economic factors, physical infrastructure and consumer preferences. food availability, though elemental, does not guarantee food security. for individuals and households to be food secure, food access must be adequate not only in 22
quantity but also in quality. for individual well-being, an adequate, consistent and dependable supply of energy and nutrients is required from sources that are affordable and socio-culturally acceptable. Ultimately food security should translate into consumption of a nutritionally adequate diet (food utilisation) that ensures an active healthy life for every tanzanian. in tanzania, as in many other developing countries, a significant percentage of the food consumed by households in rural settings is obtained from their own farm. the importance of foods purchased from markets in meeting household food security depends on household income and market price. seasonality also significantly influences food availability in places where little to no food preservation is practiced. MKUKUta’s indicators for food security focus on production, rather than the broader concept of household capacity to access food, which would also incorporate consideration of income. a more detailed analysis of household food consumption based on data from the hbs 2007 is provided in chapter 2 of this report. MKUKUta’s four indicators for this goal are: • food self sufficiency ratio • Proportion of districts reported to have food shortages • Percentage change in production by smallholder households of key staple crops (maize, rice, sorghum) • Proportion of households who take no more than one meal per day Food Self-sufficiency data on aggregate national food production indicates that tanzania is not a famine-prone country, and regularly produces enough food to meet national requirements. the food self-sufficiency ratio (ssr) reflects the ability of food production to meet demand, and is computed by taking production as a percentage of requirements. since the 2004/05 season, the country has been self-sufficient in food. the ssr in 2007/08 was 104%. 13 Districts with Food Shortages national production aggregates may conceal significant variations in food security among regions and districts. seasonal variations may also be pronounced depending on rainfall. indeed, most food aid in tanzania is targeted to areas with perennial shortages in rainfall; some of which is supplied domestically through the strategic grain reserve (sgr). therefore, the MKUKUta Monitoring system reports the number of districts that suffer food shortages. according to a rapid vulnerability survey carried out by the food security information team in 2008, the following ten Mainland regions were identified as food insecure: arusha, Kilimanjaro, lindi, Manyara, Mara, 13 data provided by the food security department, Ministry of agriculture, food security and cooperatives (Mafsc), March 2009. Chapter I CLUSter 1 GOaL 3 23
Page 1 and 2: UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA POVERTY
Page 3 and 4: COnTEnTS List of Tables ...........
Page 5 and 6: MKUKUTA Cluster II: CONteNts Improv
Page 7 and 8: CONteNts Data.for.Monitoring.......
Page 9 and 10: CONteNts HOUSEHOLD OCCUPATION AND P
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Page 13 and 14: Figure 21: Figure 22: Percentage of
Page 15 and 16: LisT Of AbbREViATiONs AIDS Acquired
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Page 21 and 22: ExECUTIvE SUMMARy The Poverty and H
Page 23 and 24: in poverty. Nonetheless, the challe
Page 25 and 26: evise allocations based on identifi
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Page 29: eXeCUtiVe sUMMarY Good governance a
Page 33 and 34: Chapter Progress towards the goals
Page 35 and 36: GDP Growth by Sector the principal
Page 37 and 38: Figure 2: Sectoral Contribution to
Page 39 and 40: Chapter I CLUSter 1 Box 2: The Impa
Page 41 and 42: Household Income (Consumption) Pove
Page 43 and 44: Income Poverty and GDP Growth the 2
Page 45 and 46: although global oil and food prices
Page 47 and 48: Figure 6: FDI Inflows 2000-2008 (US
Page 49 and 50: orrow from outside tanzania, where
Page 51: Infrastructure Roads the condition
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Page 57 and 58: Customers Connected to Sources of E
Page 59 and 60: Cluster I Conclusions and Policy Im
Page 61 and 62: MKUKUTA INDICATORS - SUMMARY OF DAT
Page 63 and 64: Indicator Baseline Trend Target MKU
Page 69 and 70: MKUKUTA Cluster II: Improvement of
Page 71 and 72: Regional variations in enrolment ha
Page 73 and 74: CLUSTER II- GOAL 1 and/or not compl
Page 75 and 76: Pupil/Teacher Ratio Overall, the pu
Page 77 and 78: provision of housing, funding for w
Page 79 and 80: CLUSTER II- GOAL 1 Table 11: Primar
Page 81 and 82: Table 12: Benefit Incidence Analysi
Page 83 and 84: Figure 15: Infant and Under-Five Mo
Page 85 and 86: Figure 17: Prevalence of Malaria in
Page 87 and 88: Figure 19: Percentage of Children U
Page 89 and 90: Table 13: Indicators of Malnutritio
Page 91 and 92: CLUSTER II- GOAL 2 Ghana (Edmond et
Page 93 and 94: Figure 24: Percentage of Births Tak
Page 95 and 96: Figure 26: HIV Prevalence by Age Gr
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Health Services Development Strateg
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Figure 34: Access to Clean and Safe
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POVERTY AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPOR
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MKUKUTA INDICATORS - SUMMARY OF DAT
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Target Indicator Baseline Trend MKU
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Sources: a = various sources as ind
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Indicator Baseline Trend Target MKU
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Chapter 2 An AnAlysis of household
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Composition of Consumption Consumpt
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the poverty line basket was valued
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Figure 50: Daily Caloric Intake per
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Figure 52: Poverty Incidence Curves
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Food share typically, a drop in the
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Liters per Adult Equivalent Kilogra
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Kilograms per Adult Equivalent 6 5
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Consumer Durables data from the hBs
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Additional data from the tanzania h
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Table 41: Percent of All Households
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Table 44: Percent of Males and Fema
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Table 46: Distribution of Household
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Conclusion Chapter 2 income poverty
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pOVertY aND hUMaN DeVeLOpMeNt repOr
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Chapter 2 Hoogeveen, J. & Ruhinduka
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