Poverty and Human Development Report 2009 - UNDP in Tanzania

CLUSTER II- IMPLICATIONS FOR MONITORING
i) Access to clean and safe water should be monitored by two separate indicators:
infrastructure (number of active household connections, kiosks and public improved
water points) to be measured from routine data; and water access (number of households
accessing drinking water from an improved source) to be monitored through household
surveys. The indicator for access to clean and safe water should retain the 30-minute
collection time limit, and HBS 2007 data should be used as the relevant baseline for setting
targets (refer Figure 4).
ii) The indicator for household sanitation should explicitly incorporate the distinction between
improved and unimproved pit latrines. The definition of access to sanitation should only
include households which have access to a pit latrine with a washable slab, and targets
should be set accordingly.
iii) The indicator for school sanitation should be revised to capture overall pupil-latrine ratios
rather than the number (or proportion) of schools meeting a given standard. This would
bring the target in line with currently available data, and would provide a more sensitive
indicator on progress.
iv) Targets for cholera epidemics should be dropped, since year-on-year variations are too
high to provide useful evidence of trends.
Social Protection
To improve the identification of particularly vulnerable individuals and groups and enhance the
targeting and scope of social protection mechanisms, the following recommendations are made
for the national monitoring system:
i) People with disabilities
Disabled children are especially disadvantaged in access to schooling. To enable
appropriate design of interventions, further analysis of the TDS would be valuable to
identify specific types of disability which are particularly problematic and areas of the
country where children are disproportionately affected. A programme of follow-up surveys
of disability needs to be scheduled within the MKUKUTA monitoring system.
ii) Support for the Poorest
Panel surveys of households conducted by the NBS will provide more regular and up-todate
information about household incomes and other factors that may lead to vulnerability.
The experience of initiatives to provide in kind and/or in cash support for the most vulnerable
children and the poorest households must be widely shared and carefully assessed so that
lessons may be learned for the development of social protection programmes. TASAF’s
scheme to provide incentives for healthcare and school attendance of poor children
similarly needs to be monitored.
iii) Exemptions for the elderly
Routine HMIS systems need to be expanded to capture data on elderly Tanzanians accessing
health services so as to assess the application of exemptions policy by health facilities.
97