Poverty and Human Development Report 2009 - UNDP in Tanzania

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POVERTY AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 includes a small number of indicators to assess progress in local government reform. Therefore, to supplement analysis of the specific indicators, this PHDR includes analysis of recent survey evidence of citizens’ participation in local governance and their access to local government information, as well as an examination of progress in local government fiscal reforms. Tanzania’s policy of decentralisation by devolution is intended to encourage citizens’ active participation in democratic processes and to strengthen the responsiveness, capacity, transparency and accountability of local government authorities (LGAs). Goal 1 Structures and Systems of Governance as well as the Rule of Law Are Democratic, Participatory, Representative, Accountable and Inclusive The indicators for this goal are: • • • • • • • Percentage of population with birth certificates (urban, rural, Dar es Salaam) Percentage of women among senior civil servants Percentage of women representatives elected to district council Proportion of women among Members of Parliament Percentage of females from smallholder households with land ownership or customary land rights Proportion of villages assemblies holding quarterly meeting with public minutes Proportion of LGAs posting public budgets, revenue and actual expenditures on easily accessible public notice boards Birth Registration Birth registration is a fundamental right of citizenship, and birth certificates are increasingly required for national identification and for registration of children in school. The THMIS 2007/08 estimated that only one-fifth of births (20.1%) in Mainland Tanzania are registered, a marginal increase from 17.6% in 2004/05. Marked disparities in birth registration rates were recorded by residence (urban areas 46%, rural areas 15%); by region (from under 5% in Tabora and Manyara to 75% in Dar es Salaam; and by household wealth status (60% for children in the highest wealth quintile compared with 10% in the lowest quintile). The significant variations in birth registrations reflect in part the disparities in facility-based deliveries. The MKUKUTA indicator specifically monitors the percentage of children under-five years with birth certificates. The THMIS 2007/08 reports that only 6.3% of children under five years of age in Mainland Tanzania had a birth certificate (rural 3.3%; urban 20.9 %), marginally higher than rates recorded in the TDHS 2004/05 (Mainland Tanzania 5.7%, rural 2.7%, urban 17.8%). 108
CHAPTER 1 - CLUSTER III - GOAL 1 Progress in the Vital Registration Programme (VRP) being implemented by the Registration, Insolvency and Trustee Agency (RITA) will be further examined following release of TDHS 2009/10. The VRP seeks to transform the birth registration system in Tanzania into a one-stop process where all registration services are provided under one roof. Achieving this goal will depend on strengthening linkages and communication between families and service delivery points, especially local government authorities and health services. Gender Equity Inclusive governance implies gender equity in decision making. The proportion of women representatives in the Parliament has reached the MKUKUTA target of 30% following national elections in 2005, largely as a result of special seats which are reserved for women. Of the 323 members of the National Assembly, 75 are held by women in special seats. In contrast, the representation of women in local government remains low. Only 5% of elected district councillors are female. Furthermore, the percentage of women in leadership positions in the public service has increased from 20% in 2004/05 to 22% in 2008/09. 67 Specific areas show positive trends. For example, during the period 2006 to 2009, the numbers of women increased in the following roles: Judges increased from 8 to 24; Permanent Secretaries from 7 to 9; Deputy Permanent Secretaries from 1 to 3 and Regional Administrative Secretaries from 5 to 7. Of note, the government has implemented measures to increase female representation in leadership positions, including increasing the number of postgraduate scholarships. The Minister of State, President’s Office- Public Service Management (PO-PSM) recently reported that, for the period up to May 2009, a total of 221 women had been sponsored for postgraduate studies and 35 others attended capacity-building short courses. The latest information on smallholder land ownership or customary rights comes from the Agricultural Survey 2002/03 (NBS, 2005). In that survey, only 7.1% of rural households reported having certificates attesting to their rights of ownership and use of land. No disaggregated survey data by gender are available. New data will be available after the analysis of the 2008/9 Agriculture Sample Survey. Citizens’ Participation in Local Governance Democratic local governance depends on regular, well-conducted and transparent meetings of assemblies in villages and urban wards, citizens’ access to information on the conduct of local authorities and, most importantly, broad public participation in the processes of government. 67 Speech of the Minister of State – Public Service Management presenting budget estimates for the financial year 2009/10. For the purposes of this indicator, leadership positions include Permanent Secretaries, Deputy Permanent Secretaries, Assistant Directors, Ambassadors, District Commissioners, Regional Administrative Secretaries, District Administrative Secretaries, District/Municipal Executive Directors and Judges in the Court of Appeal and the High Court. 109
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UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA POVERTY
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COnTEnTS List of Tables ...........
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MKUKUTA Cluster II: CONteNts Improv
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CONteNts Data.for.Monitoring.......
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CONteNts HOUSEHOLD OCCUPATION AND P
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Table 25: Table 26: Percent of Adul
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Figure 21: Figure 22: Percentage of
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LisT Of AbbREViATiONs AIDS Acquired
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PRSP Poverty Reduction Strategy Pap
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ExECUTIvE SUMMARy The Poverty and H
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in poverty. Nonetheless, the challe
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evise allocations based on identifi
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Monitoring Implications A comprehen
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eXeCUtiVe sUMMarY Good governance a
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Chapter Progress towards the goals
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GDP Growth by Sector the principal
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Figure 2: Sectoral Contribution to
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Chapter I CLUSter 1 Box 2: The Impa
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Household Income (Consumption) Pove
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Income Poverty and GDP Growth the 2
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although global oil and food prices
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Figure 6: FDI Inflows 2000-2008 (US
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orrow from outside tanzania, where
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Infrastructure Roads the condition
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quantity but also in quality. for i
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Chapter I CLUSter 1 GOaL 4 & 5 prop
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Customers Connected to Sources of E
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Cluster I Conclusions and Policy Im
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MKUKUTA INDICATORS - SUMMARY OF DAT
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Indicator Baseline Trend Target MKU
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MKUKUTA Cluster II: Improvement of
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Regional variations in enrolment ha
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CLUSTER II- GOAL 1 and/or not compl
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Pupil/Teacher Ratio Overall, the pu
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provision of housing, funding for w
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CLUSTER II- GOAL 1 Table 11: Primar
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Table 12: Benefit Incidence Analysi
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Figure 15: Infant and Under-Five Mo
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Figure 17: Prevalence of Malaria in
Page 87 and 88: Figure 19: Percentage of Children U
Page 89 and 90: Table 13: Indicators of Malnutritio
Page 91 and 92: CLUSTER II- GOAL 2 Ghana (Edmond et
Page 93 and 94: Figure 24: Percentage of Births Tak
Page 95 and 96: Figure 26: HIV Prevalence by Age Gr
Page 97 and 98: Figure 28: Projected Number of Adul
Page 99 and 100: Projections based on the model indi
Page 101 and 102: Access to Healthcare Services On th
Page 103 and 104: Health Services Development Strateg
Page 105 and 106: Figure 34: Access to Clean and Safe
Page 110 and 111: POVERTY AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPOR
Page 128 and 129: MKUKUTA INDICATORS - SUMMARY OF DAT
Page 130 and 131: Target Indicator Baseline Trend MKU
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Page 164 and 165: Indicator Baseline Trend Target MKU
Page 173 and 174: Chapter 2 An AnAlysis of household
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Page 177 and 178: the poverty line basket was valued
Page 179 and 180: Figure 50: Daily Caloric Intake per
Page 181 and 182: Figure 52: Poverty Incidence Curves
Page 183 and 184: Food share typically, a drop in the
Page 185 and 186: Liters per Adult Equivalent Kilogra
Page 187 and 188: Kilograms per Adult Equivalent 6 5
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Consumer Durables data from the hBs
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Additional data from the tanzania h
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Table 41: Percent of All Households
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Table 44: Percent of Males and Fema
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Table 46: Distribution of Household
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Conclusion Chapter 2 income poverty
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pOVertY aND hUMaN DeVeLOpMeNt repOr
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Chapter 2 Hoogeveen, J. & Ruhinduka
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Poverty and Human Development Report 2009 - UNDP in Tanzania

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