Poverty and Human Development Report 2009 - UNDP in Tanzania

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POVERTY AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 Figure 42: Type of Latrine Used by Households % of Households 82 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% No latrine, 5% Pit latrine, 85% No latrine, 7% Pit latrine, 85% Pit latrine, 85% VIP, 5% VIP, 5% Flush, 5% Flush, 3% Surveys No latrine, 6% Unimprove, 47% Shared, 13% Improved, 34% TDHS 2004 / 05 HBS 2007 JMP 2008 Sources: TAWASANET, 2008 based on data from TDHS 2004/05; HBS 2007; and Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) for Water and Sanitation (WHO and UNICEF, 2008). Figure 42 shows how survey data provides an incomplete picture. Data from TDHS 2004/05 and HBS 2007 indicate that 85% of households have a pit latrine, but do not provide any information on how many of these latrines are improved and unimproved, or shared by more than one household. The Joint Monitoring Programme, which uses the WHO-UNICEF categories, gives rough estimates of what proportions of latrines are improved, unimproved and shared. Based on HBS data, 93% of households have access to at least a basic latrine, while the JMP suggests that only 34% of households have access to improved latrines. Positively, the TDHS 2009/10 (and future HBS) will distinguish between improved and unimproved pit latrines, which will provide more accurate data to inform sanitation policy and interventions. Figure 43 shows access to household sanitation by residence. Data indicate limited improvements in overall sanitation access, with a slight decrease in the percentage of rural households with no latrine compared with 2004/05.
Figure 43: Trends in Household Sanitation, by Residence Sources: Census 2002, TDHS 2004/05, HBS 2007 Notes: VIP is a Ventilated Improved Pit – a specific high standard pit latrine design CLUSTER II- GOAL 3 School sanitation The policy and financing for school sanitation is much more straightforward than for household sanitation. The MKUKUTA target for school sanitation is that all schools must meet the minimum standard of one latrine for every 20 girls and one latrine for every 25 boys. However, the manner in which data is collated at district level prevents analysis of the number of schools meeting these standards. Arguably, though, the overall pupil-latrine ratio for schools provides a more sensitive indicator than the proportion of schools meeting a given standard. Therefore, Figure 44 presents aggregated data on the number of pupils per latrine nationwide, rather than the number of schools that meet the minimum standard. The data have been disaggregated by sex only since 2007. Data by gender is critical as lack of access to suitable sanitation facilities is a particular problem for girls, especially during menstruation. A lack of privacy or adequate hygiene facilities for girls can reduce school attendance and some girls drop out of school altogether (Sommer, 2009). 83
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UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA POVERTY
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COnTEnTS List of Tables ...........
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MKUKUTA Cluster II: CONteNts Improv
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CONteNts Data.for.Monitoring.......
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CONteNts HOUSEHOLD OCCUPATION AND P
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Table 25: Table 26: Percent of Adul
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Figure 21: Figure 22: Percentage of
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LisT Of AbbREViATiONs AIDS Acquired
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PRSP Poverty Reduction Strategy Pap
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ExECUTIvE SUMMARy The Poverty and H
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in poverty. Nonetheless, the challe
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evise allocations based on identifi
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Monitoring Implications A comprehen
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eXeCUtiVe sUMMarY Good governance a
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Chapter Progress towards the goals
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GDP Growth by Sector the principal
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Figure 2: Sectoral Contribution to
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Chapter I CLUSter 1 Box 2: The Impa
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Household Income (Consumption) Pove
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Income Poverty and GDP Growth the 2
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although global oil and food prices
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Figure 6: FDI Inflows 2000-2008 (US
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orrow from outside tanzania, where
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Infrastructure Roads the condition
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quantity but also in quality. for i
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Chapter I CLUSter 1 GOaL 4 & 5 prop
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Customers Connected to Sources of E
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Cluster I Conclusions and Policy Im
Page 61 and 62: MKUKUTA INDICATORS - SUMMARY OF DAT
Page 63 and 64: Indicator Baseline Trend Target MKU
Page 69 and 70: MKUKUTA Cluster II: Improvement of
Page 71 and 72: Regional variations in enrolment ha
Page 73 and 74: CLUSTER II- GOAL 1 and/or not compl
Page 75 and 76: Pupil/Teacher Ratio Overall, the pu
Page 77 and 78: provision of housing, funding for w
Page 79 and 80: CLUSTER II- GOAL 1 Table 11: Primar
Page 81 and 82: Table 12: Benefit Incidence Analysi
Page 83 and 84: Figure 15: Infant and Under-Five Mo
Page 85 and 86: Figure 17: Prevalence of Malaria in
Page 87 and 88: Figure 19: Percentage of Children U
Page 89 and 90: Table 13: Indicators of Malnutritio
Page 91 and 92: CLUSTER II- GOAL 2 Ghana (Edmond et
Page 93 and 94: Figure 24: Percentage of Births Tak
Page 95 and 96: Figure 26: HIV Prevalence by Age Gr
Page 97 and 98: Figure 28: Projected Number of Adul
Page 99 and 100: Projections based on the model indi
Page 101 and 102: Access to Healthcare Services On th
Page 103 and 104: Health Services Development Strateg
Page 105 and 106: Figure 34: Access to Clean and Safe
Page 110 and 111: POVERTY AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPOR
Page 128 and 129: MKUKUTA INDICATORS - SUMMARY OF DAT
Page 130 and 131: Target Indicator Baseline Trend MKU
Page 136 and 137: Sources: a = various sources as ind
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POVERTY AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPOR
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Indicator Baseline Trend Target MKU
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Chapter 2 An AnAlysis of household
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Composition of Consumption Consumpt
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the poverty line basket was valued
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Figure 50: Daily Caloric Intake per
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Figure 52: Poverty Incidence Curves
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Food share typically, a drop in the
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Liters per Adult Equivalent Kilogra
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Kilograms per Adult Equivalent 6 5
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Consumer Durables data from the hBs
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Additional data from the tanzania h
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Table 41: Percent of All Households
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Table 44: Percent of Males and Fema
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Table 46: Distribution of Household
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Conclusion Chapter 2 income poverty
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pOVertY aND hUMaN DeVeLOpMeNt repOr
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Chapter 2 Hoogeveen, J. & Ruhinduka
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Poverty and Human Development Report 2009 - UNDP in Tanzania

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