Poverty and Human Development Report 2009 - UNDP in Tanzania

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pOVertY aND hUMaN DeVeLOpMeNt repOrt 2009 with the executive, its centrality in the overall management of the economy justifies intervention by the legislature through the passage of fiscal responsibility bills. Ensuring Good Governance Good governance assures a level and fertile ground for investment and transformation – which in turn leads to more opportunities for increased business and employment. In this sense, good governance is integral to achieving the goals of the medium-term development strategy. Therefore, the contribution of governance is seen in relation to the achievements of the final outcomes of the development strategy, rather than in the specific components of governance in isolation. Given limited institutional capacity, it is impossible to simultaneously solve all the governance problems in any low-income country. Therefore, it is vital to prioritise areas critical to development where basic good governance is crucial to successful outcomes. Activities that are critical in the implementation of a development programme or whose resource requirements are significant must be prioritised. For example, it is important to insulate key infrastructure investments from the tendency towards poor governance. By their nature, infrastructure investments are big money items, and therefore they tend to attract special interests and engender corrupt practices. Similarly, there should be a strategy to strengthen the capacity of the judiciary in prioritising reforms and improving performance in areas which are key to economic growth. The current gradual reform of the judiciary in Tanzania, especially with respect to commercial courts, nonjudicial remedies (such as voluntary arbitration) and economic crimes, is a move in the right direction. It should be recognised that all developing countries have limited institutional capacity, and global expectations can sometimes differ from local norms. Integrating the components of good governance is an evolutionary process of enhancing accountability by developing the ingredients and systems to fit the domestic context and establishing appropriate institutions and competent human resources to regulate and monitor progress. Public opinion, civil society and the media are key components in achieving good governance and should be valued as such by the state. Addressing Blockages to Facilitate Implementation In the course of implementation, development actors may face constraints which cannot be addressed by individuals, because they are either too expensive or they are public in nature and the benefits cannot accrue to individual investors. The facilitative role of the developmental state is especially important in overcoming such constraints. Infrastructure Development Many sub-Saharan African countries are landlocked, possess challenging terrain and are sparsely populated. These geographical characteristics and accompanying lack of infrastructure can 178
Chapter 3 limit the effectiveness of policies aimed at stimulating production, such as market liberalisation. Infrastructure investments have higher social than individual returns, particularly in the context of poor remote areas. Infrastructure development inherently requires long-term commitment and major capital investments, therefore, these ‘public good’ investments are most commonly made by the state, although innovative public-private partnerships can also be organised. Infrastructure investments reduce risks and raise returns within the economy, especially within the private sector, including for household producers. However, the challenge for large and sparsely populated sub-Saharan economies is to focus these investments in areas that can produce the greatest linkages within the economy and underpin the highest development returns. The temptation to spread investments thinly across the country in response to political demands should be resisted. Human Resource Development Successful implementation of a focused development agenda requires a supply of skilled human resources that meet the demands of the market. Without a well-functioning skilled labour force, productivity will remain low. The building of human resource capacity underpins the transformational process in any society. During the last three to four decades, public investment has been focused on basic education and healthcare in many developing economies, partly as a consequence of resource constraints. This is consistent with securing fundamental human rights to education, nutrition and health, embodied in the Millennium Development Goals. However, it is important that there is a strong linkage between the provision of basic education and the development of capabilities for growth and transformation. This linkage can only be achieved where states set high standards for quality in education. It is clear that the push for broad-based primary education has to be accompanied by an equally strong push for quality in order to link basic education with the strategic development of a skilled labour force. Access and quality must go hand-in-hand to achieve desired development outcomes. Tanzania has achieved good results in promoting enrolment, but the challenge of raising the standard of quality in education remains. Given limited national resources, strategic decisions have to be made to phase and sequence the development of the human resource in line with the requirements of the medium-term strategy. As countries strive to provide universal primary education, it is crucial to raise the quality of primary, secondary and technical education, to appropriately equip students for subsequent employment and, for those who continue academically, for tertiary education. In Tanzania, the ongoing discussion about focusing government-sponsored student loans towards strategic training at the tertiary level is a move in the right direction. This move is important because it will provide the right signals to service providers of technical and higher education, both public and private, on where to focus their training. It may also raise competition among training institutions 179
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UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA POVERTY
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COnTEnTS List of Tables ...........
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MKUKUTA Cluster II: CONteNts Improv
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CONteNts Data.for.Monitoring.......
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CONteNts HOUSEHOLD OCCUPATION AND P
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Table 25: Table 26: Percent of Adul
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Figure 21: Figure 22: Percentage of
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LisT Of AbbREViATiONs AIDS Acquired
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PRSP Poverty Reduction Strategy Pap
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ExECUTIvE SUMMARy The Poverty and H
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in poverty. Nonetheless, the challe
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evise allocations based on identifi
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Monitoring Implications A comprehen
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eXeCUtiVe sUMMarY Good governance a
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Chapter Progress towards the goals
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GDP Growth by Sector the principal
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Figure 2: Sectoral Contribution to
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Chapter I CLUSter 1 Box 2: The Impa
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Household Income (Consumption) Pove
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Income Poverty and GDP Growth the 2
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although global oil and food prices
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Figure 6: FDI Inflows 2000-2008 (US
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orrow from outside tanzania, where
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Infrastructure Roads the condition
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quantity but also in quality. for i
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Chapter I CLUSter 1 GOaL 4 & 5 prop
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Customers Connected to Sources of E
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Cluster I Conclusions and Policy Im
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MKUKUTA INDICATORS - SUMMARY OF DAT
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Indicator Baseline Trend Target MKU
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MKUKUTA Cluster II: Improvement of
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Regional variations in enrolment ha
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CLUSTER II- GOAL 1 and/or not compl
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Pupil/Teacher Ratio Overall, the pu
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provision of housing, funding for w
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CLUSTER II- GOAL 1 Table 11: Primar
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Table 12: Benefit Incidence Analysi
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Figure 15: Infant and Under-Five Mo
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Figure 17: Prevalence of Malaria in
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Figure 19: Percentage of Children U
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Table 13: Indicators of Malnutritio
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CLUSTER II- GOAL 2 Ghana (Edmond et
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Figure 24: Percentage of Births Tak
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Figure 26: HIV Prevalence by Age Gr
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Figure 28: Projected Number of Adul
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Projections based on the model indi
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Access to Healthcare Services On th
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Health Services Development Strateg
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Figure 34: Access to Clean and Safe
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POVERTY AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPOR
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MKUKUTA INDICATORS - SUMMARY OF DAT
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Target Indicator Baseline Trend MKU
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Sources: a = various sources as ind
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Page 158 and 159: POVERTY AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPOR
Page 164 and 165: Indicator Baseline Trend Target MKU
Page 173 and 174: Chapter 2 An AnAlysis of household
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Page 181 and 182: Figure 52: Poverty Incidence Curves
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Page 185 and 186: Liters per Adult Equivalent Kilogra
Page 187 and 188: Kilograms per Adult Equivalent 6 5
Page 189 and 190: Consumer Durables data from the hBs
Page 191 and 192: Additional data from the tanzania h
Page 193 and 194: Table 41: Percent of All Households
Page 195 and 196: Table 44: Percent of Males and Fema
Page 197 and 198: Table 46: Distribution of Household
Page 199: Conclusion Chapter 2 income poverty
Page 202 and 203: pOVertY aND hUMaN DeVeLOpMeNt repOr
Page 220: Chapter 2 Hoogeveen, J. & Ruhinduka
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Poverty and Human Development Report 2009 - UNDP in Tanzania

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