Poverty and Human Development Report 2009 - UNDP in Tanzania

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POVERTY AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 Eligible Elderly People Accessing Medical Exemptions Under health service regulations, people aged 60 years and over are entitled to free medical treatment in government health facilities if they are unable to share the cost. 55 In the HBS 2007, therefore, elderly people aged 60 years and older were asked about their experiences in accessing medical services. Of those who consulted government health services, only 18% reported that they did not pay for services. One-third reported having paid for medicines, onefifth for laboratory tests and one-quarter reported paying a consultation fee. 56 The results are consistent with findings in Views of the People (VOP) 2007 that only 10% of elderly respondents had received free treatment (RAWG, 2008). VOP 2007 also reported that 48% of elderly people were unaware of their rights to exemptions from medical fees. Public Satisfaction with Health Services The Afrobarometer surveys provide data on people’s levels of satisfaction with various government services, including health. Results from these surveys are reported under Goal 3 of Cluster III. For health services, levels of satisfaction increased from 50% in 2001 to 73% in 2003, and then declined to 70% in 2005 and 64% by 2008. The household budget surveys also provide information about satisfaction with health services, and reasons for dissatisfaction. Among respondents who consulted a healthcare provider, twothirds reported satisfaction with the medical treatment they received. No marked change in people’s satisfaction with government facilities was recorded between 2000/01 and 2007; it was up marginally from 66% to 69%. The chief reasons for dissatisfaction with government facilities were the same in both surveys: long waiting times and drug availability. Of further note, satisfaction with mission facilities fell by 13 percentage points between 2000/01 and 2007, while satisfaction with private doctors was down by 8 percentage points. High cost was the most frequent complaint about missionary hospitals and other private facilities, and the frequency of this perception has increased over the period. Income Poverty and Social Protection Programmes of social protection frequently use targeted approaches to provide support to the poorest and most vulnerable, and MKUKUTA pays special attention to social protection needs for groups who may be particularly vulnerable, including children and the elderly. New data from HBS 2007 show the poverty rate among households with children and elderly persons only – that is, where there are no adults of working age (20-59 years) present – and households with only elderly people (Table 20). 57 The data show that households with only elderly members are much less likely to be poor than households on average nationally, 17.2% and 33.6% respectively. However, households with only children and the elderly are more likely than the average household to be poor, with a poverty rate of 45.4%. Clearly, 55 Ministry of Labour, Youth Development and Sports, National Aging Policy, September 2003, p. 10. 56 Data provided by NBS, September 2009. 57 Child-headed households are also likely to be more vulnerable, but the HBS 2007 found only one household which was child-headed. 90
“categorical targeting” of potentially vulnerable groups is not sufficient to ensure a welltargeted programme of social protection. Table 20: Poverty Rates in Households with Only Children and Elderly Persons % of Population Poverty Head Count Children and elderly persons only 1.5 45.4 Elderly persons only 1.1 17.2 All Households 100% 33.6% Source: HBS 2007 Cluster II Conclusions and Policy Implications Education CLUSTER II- GOAL 4 & 5 Overall results for the sector show sustained progress in access to pre-primary, secondary and tertiary education. However, key indicators – including PLSE pass rates and primary to secondary transition rates – have deteriorated recently, highlighting the ongoing challenges of achieving the goals of quality and equity at all levels and ensuring that young people develop the skills to secure decent livelihoods. Poor rural children have benefited from the expansion of education, but analysis of the HBS data show that the least poor continue to benefit disproportionately from government spending in education. Disparities in budget allocations to LGAs for education also persist, which is reflected in wide variations in educational outcomes. Gender parity has been achieved in primary schools but only limited improvements are recorded at higher levels. Consistent with the national vision for broad-based economic growth and poverty reduction, an increased focus is required on the role of education – from basic literacy to technical expertise – in creating a highly skilled workforce in both public and private sectors. A Stronger Focus on Quality The need for investment to strengthen the quality of educational outcomes has been highlighted in previous PHDRs and annual education sector reviews. To date, funding has largely focused on expanding access and has not been sufficient to ensure quality. More attention needs to be given to the set of skills acquired by students, rather than years of schooling, and increasing numbers of skilled teachers are required to bring down class sizes and ensure that students receive higher standards of tuition. 91
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UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA POVERTY
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COnTEnTS List of Tables ...........
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MKUKUTA Cluster II: CONteNts Improv
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CONteNts Data.for.Monitoring.......
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CONteNts HOUSEHOLD OCCUPATION AND P
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Table 25: Table 26: Percent of Adul
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Figure 21: Figure 22: Percentage of
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LisT Of AbbREViATiONs AIDS Acquired
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PRSP Poverty Reduction Strategy Pap
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ExECUTIvE SUMMARy The Poverty and H
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in poverty. Nonetheless, the challe
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evise allocations based on identifi
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Monitoring Implications A comprehen
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eXeCUtiVe sUMMarY Good governance a
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Chapter Progress towards the goals
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GDP Growth by Sector the principal
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Figure 2: Sectoral Contribution to
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Chapter I CLUSter 1 Box 2: The Impa
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Household Income (Consumption) Pove
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Income Poverty and GDP Growth the 2
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although global oil and food prices
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Figure 6: FDI Inflows 2000-2008 (US
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orrow from outside tanzania, where
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Infrastructure Roads the condition
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quantity but also in quality. for i
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Chapter I CLUSter 1 GOaL 4 & 5 prop
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Customers Connected to Sources of E
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Cluster I Conclusions and Policy Im
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MKUKUTA INDICATORS - SUMMARY OF DAT
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Indicator Baseline Trend Target MKU
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Page 69 and 70: MKUKUTA Cluster II: Improvement of
Page 71 and 72: Regional variations in enrolment ha
Page 73 and 74: CLUSTER II- GOAL 1 and/or not compl
Page 75 and 76: Pupil/Teacher Ratio Overall, the pu
Page 77 and 78: provision of housing, funding for w
Page 79 and 80: CLUSTER II- GOAL 1 Table 11: Primar
Page 81 and 82: Table 12: Benefit Incidence Analysi
Page 83 and 84: Figure 15: Infant and Under-Five Mo
Page 85 and 86: Figure 17: Prevalence of Malaria in
Page 87 and 88: Figure 19: Percentage of Children U
Page 89 and 90: Table 13: Indicators of Malnutritio
Page 91 and 92: CLUSTER II- GOAL 2 Ghana (Edmond et
Page 93 and 94: Figure 24: Percentage of Births Tak
Page 95 and 96: Figure 26: HIV Prevalence by Age Gr
Page 97 and 98: Figure 28: Projected Number of Adul
Page 99 and 100: Projections based on the model indi
Page 101 and 102: Access to Healthcare Services On th
Page 103 and 104: Health Services Development Strateg
Page 105 and 106: Figure 34: Access to Clean and Safe
Page 110 and 111: POVERTY AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPOR
Page 128 and 129: MKUKUTA INDICATORS - SUMMARY OF DAT
Page 130 and 131: Target Indicator Baseline Trend MKU
Page 136 and 137: Sources: a = various sources as ind
Page 164 and 165: Indicator Baseline Trend Target MKU
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Chapter 2 An AnAlysis of household
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Composition of Consumption Consumpt
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the poverty line basket was valued
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Figure 50: Daily Caloric Intake per
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Figure 52: Poverty Incidence Curves
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Food share typically, a drop in the
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Liters per Adult Equivalent Kilogra
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Kilograms per Adult Equivalent 6 5
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Consumer Durables data from the hBs
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Additional data from the tanzania h
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Table 41: Percent of All Households
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Table 44: Percent of Males and Fema
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Table 46: Distribution of Household
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Conclusion Chapter 2 income poverty
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pOVertY aND hUMaN DeVeLOpMeNt repOr
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Chapter 2 Hoogeveen, J. & Ruhinduka
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Poverty and Human Development Report 2009 - UNDP in Tanzania

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