Poverty and Human Development Report 2009 - UNDP in Tanzania

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POVERTY AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 Table 27: LGA Revenue Collections, 2001 to 2006/07 (TShs. Million) 122 2001 2002 2003 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 Overall Growth 2004/05 to 2006/07 Tshs per capita in 2006/07 Urban 23,113 25,569 28,656 23,728 28,139 36,271 53% 4.83 Rural 28,086 22,774 29,083 19,142 21,151 27,113 42% 1.05 Note: In 2004, the financial year for LGAs shifted from a calendar year to the same fiscal year as that of Central Government. The data from 2005 onwards represent fiscal years. Source: PMO-RALG finance data for most recent years available at www.logintanzania.net LGA Expenditure Patterns Recent data reveal several trends in local government spending: 79 i) A very large share (78.5%) of local expenditure is recurrent expenditure. ii) Most recurrent spending – 56.6% of all local spending, or almost three-quarters of local recurrent spending – is spent on personal emoluments. iii) Recurrent expenditure is heavily concentrated in just two sectors – primary education and basic health services account for three-quarters of recurrent spending and two-thirds of all local spending. These local expenditure patterns are driven mainly by the fiscal transfer system, which limits the discretion of local authorities to revise allocations by sector or by type of expenditure (i.e. between personal emoluments, other charges and development). With little locally-generated revenue, and very tight budgets compared with responsibilities, LGAs have limited discretion in spending. In discussion of the LGCDG earlier, the level of discretionary development expenditure has also been heavily influenced by national development goals, particularly the prioritisation of secondary education. Corruption The specific MKUKUTA indicator for corruption is ‘number of corruption cases convicted as a percentage of the number of investigated cases sanctioned by the Director of Public Prosecutions’. However, corruption cases frequently take more than a year to prosecute and thus the number of cases in any year may not reflect the number of new cases referred to the courts. Therefore, in this PHDR, the proxy indicator – ‘number of corruption cases convicted’ – is reported. Data has been sourced from the Prevention and Combating of Corruption Bureau (PCCB) and the Tanzania Corruption Tracker System. Data from these two sources indicate that the number of corruption cases convicted remained low for the period between 2000 and 2005, but has increased to 37 cases in 2008. However, these data in isolation cannot confirm whether recent increases in cases convicted represent greater diligence in prosecuting corruption, an increase in corruption itself, or an increase in the reporting of corruption. 79 As summarised in PMO-RALG, 2007c.
In recent years, the domestic media has reported serious allegations of corruption, and a number of high-profile cases are being prosecuted. International sources report an improvement in Tanzania’s control of corruption from the late 1990s to the mid-2000s, but also a slight deterioration since 2007. 80 Data from two citizen surveys in 2003 and 2006 found that a majority of respondents (about 60% in both surveys) perceived that corruption was a serious problem in their councils. However, as shown in Table 28, respondents also perceived that the level of corruption had declined between 2003 and 2006. The percentage of respondents who reported that they or another household member had ever observed, or been informed about, corrupt acts also declined over this period from 50% to 30%. However, a significant discrepancy was still found in 2006 between the percentage of respondents who were directly aware of corruption (30%) and the percentage of respondents who reported a corrupt act (only 3.5%). This difference can be partly explained by respondents’ lack of knowledge of the right procedures to follow to report a corrupt act, but it is also likely due to fear of negative repercussions. Table 28: Citizens’ Views on Corruption, 2003 and 2006 Percentage of respondents who agree to the statement 2003 2006 Have you or any household member ever observed/been informed about an act of corruption by a public official? Have you or any household member reported any corrupt act by a public official in the last two years? Do you know the processes to follow in reporting an act of corruption by a public official? 50.3 30.3 7.2 3.5 21.7 29.5 I think corruption is a serious problem in this council 59.3 58.0 Corruption is less than 2 years ago 27.3 50.6 Source: Formative Process Research Programme on local government reform, 2003 and 2006 (See Fjeldstad, Katera & Ngalewa, 2008a) Data from the latest round of the Afrobarometer survey (2008) indicates an increase in people’s perception of corruption among local councillors. As shown in Table 29, 83% of respondents in 2008 felt that ‘some’, ‘most’ or ‘all’ of their councillors were involved in corruption, compared with 70% in 2005. 80 See Transparency International, 2009; Kaufman, Kraay & Mastruzzi, 2009. CHAPTER 1 - CLUSTER III - GOAL 2 123
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UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA POVERTY
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COnTEnTS List of Tables ...........
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MKUKUTA Cluster II: CONteNts Improv
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CONteNts Data.for.Monitoring.......
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CONteNts HOUSEHOLD OCCUPATION AND P
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Table 25: Table 26: Percent of Adul
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Figure 21: Figure 22: Percentage of
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LisT Of AbbREViATiONs AIDS Acquired
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PRSP Poverty Reduction Strategy Pap
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ExECUTIvE SUMMARy The Poverty and H
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in poverty. Nonetheless, the challe
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evise allocations based on identifi
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Monitoring Implications A comprehen
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eXeCUtiVe sUMMarY Good governance a
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Chapter Progress towards the goals
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GDP Growth by Sector the principal
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Figure 2: Sectoral Contribution to
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Chapter I CLUSter 1 Box 2: The Impa
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Household Income (Consumption) Pove
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Income Poverty and GDP Growth the 2
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although global oil and food prices
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Figure 6: FDI Inflows 2000-2008 (US
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orrow from outside tanzania, where
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Infrastructure Roads the condition
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quantity but also in quality. for i
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Chapter I CLUSter 1 GOaL 4 & 5 prop
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Customers Connected to Sources of E
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Cluster I Conclusions and Policy Im
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MKUKUTA INDICATORS - SUMMARY OF DAT
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Indicator Baseline Trend Target MKU
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MKUKUTA Cluster II: Improvement of
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Regional variations in enrolment ha
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CLUSTER II- GOAL 1 and/or not compl
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Pupil/Teacher Ratio Overall, the pu
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provision of housing, funding for w
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CLUSTER II- GOAL 1 Table 11: Primar
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Table 12: Benefit Incidence Analysi
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Figure 15: Infant and Under-Five Mo
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Figure 17: Prevalence of Malaria in
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Figure 19: Percentage of Children U
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Table 13: Indicators of Malnutritio
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CLUSTER II- GOAL 2 Ghana (Edmond et
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Figure 24: Percentage of Births Tak
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Figure 26: HIV Prevalence by Age Gr
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Figure 28: Projected Number of Adul
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Projections based on the model indi
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Page 181 and 182: Figure 52: Poverty Incidence Curves
Page 183 and 184: Food share typically, a drop in the
Page 185 and 186: Liters per Adult Equivalent Kilogra
Page 187 and 188: Kilograms per Adult Equivalent 6 5
Page 189 and 190: Consumer Durables data from the hBs
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Page 199: Conclusion Chapter 2 income poverty
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pOVertY aND hUMaN DeVeLOpMeNt repOr
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Chapter 2 Hoogeveen, J. & Ruhinduka
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Poverty and Human Development Report 2009 - UNDP in Tanzania

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