Poverty and Human Development Report 2009 - UNDP in Tanzania

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POVERTY AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 As formula-based allocations have been put in place, the challenges have become clearer. The current incentive system is reinforcing rather than alleviating disparities – areas with existing schools, health facilities and other infrastructure receive greater allocations, while underserved areas receive lower allocations. Going forward, allocations need to be grounded upon assessments of LGAs’ capacity to deliver essential public services. Strong coordination in policy and implementation by key stakeholders in the central government, notably PO-PSM, PMO- RALG and MoFEA, will be essential. Development Funds The second phase of local government reform has been more successful in transforming development funds transfers. Up to 2004 development grants to LGAs were small, consisting mainly of non-formula-based development grants, such as the PMO-RALG Development Grant. 77 Most development funds to local authorities were provided through discrete donor-funded projects, predominantly “area-based programmes” but also some sector support programmes. In 2004, the Government and Development Partners established the Local Government Capital Development Grant (LGCDG) system. Under this arrangement, all LGAs receive a discretionary development grant of approximately US$ 1.5 per capita if they fulfil minimum conditions regarding the quality and transparency of their development plans, financial management and procurement systems. 78 In 2009/10, 98% of LGAs qualified for the capital development grant. The LGCDG system has been declared by Government as the preferred modality for transfer of development funds to LGAs. In addition to core LGCDG funding (approximately TShs 50 billion in total), individual sectors, notably agriculture and water, have started to transfer funds along these basic principles. LGAs also receive substantial development funds in the form of project financing from donors as well as budget funds from sector ministries which are shown under respective sector votes. Overall, the LGCDG has been successful in providing LGAs with more autonomy in budget planning. However, two challenges remain: i) Given limited financial resources of LGAs, a balance must be struck between national development objectives, such as expansion of secondary education, and priorities at the local level. ii) The LGCDG is still largely financed through project-based donor funds, rather than fully integrated into, and funded by, the Government budget. Because of different streams of financing, it is difficult to establish exactly how much is allocated and spent at LGA level. 77 See, for example, analysis in PricewaterhouseCoopers, 2004 78 For details see the LGCDG Assessment Manual – available at www.logintanzania.net 120
Local Governments’ Share of Public Expenditures LGA budgets have increased in absolute terms, but their relative share of total recurrent expenditure remained between 17 to 19% until 2005/06. In 2006/07 and 2007/08, the LGA share increased to 24% and 23% respectively, in part due to an increase in teachers’ numbers and salaries which constitute a large share of LGAs’ recurrent budgets (Table 26). Table 26: Local Governments’ Share of Government Recurrent Budget, 2001/02 to 2007/08 Fiscal Year Total Recurrent Expenditure (TShs billion) Local Government Share 2001/02 1,253.1 18.7% 2002/03 1,527.8 19.0% 2003/04 1,834.1 17.7% 2004/05 2,252.3 17.0% 2005/06 2,875.6 18.6% 2006/07 3,142.3 24.3% 2007/08 3,398.0 22.9% Source: PMO-RALG, 2007c; Budget Execution Report Fiscal Year 2007/08 CHAPTER 1 - CLUSTER III - GOAL 2 The LGAs’ share of development funding is even lower; only 17% of the total development budget based on 2007 estimates (PMO-RALG, 2007c). Revenue Collection LGAs collected approximately TShs 63 billion in local taxes in 2007 (principally service levies and produce cesses in rural councils, and fees and property taxes in urban councils) (Table 27). This represents only 7% of total LGA expenditures, which indicates that local government budgets overwhelmingly rely on fiscal transfers from the central government. Urban LGAs collect almost five times as much revenue per capita as rural LGAs. The most significant growth potential in revenue collection is also found in urban councils. In the budget announced in June 2004, a range of “nuisance” taxes were abolished which particularly affected rural councils. Since then, local revenue collections in both rural and urban LGAs have risen. 121
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UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA POVERTY
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COnTEnTS List of Tables ...........
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MKUKUTA Cluster II: CONteNts Improv
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CONteNts Data.for.Monitoring.......
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CONteNts HOUSEHOLD OCCUPATION AND P
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Table 25: Table 26: Percent of Adul
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Figure 21: Figure 22: Percentage of
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LisT Of AbbREViATiONs AIDS Acquired
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PRSP Poverty Reduction Strategy Pap
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ExECUTIvE SUMMARy The Poverty and H
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in poverty. Nonetheless, the challe
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evise allocations based on identifi
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Monitoring Implications A comprehen
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eXeCUtiVe sUMMarY Good governance a
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Chapter Progress towards the goals
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GDP Growth by Sector the principal
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Figure 2: Sectoral Contribution to
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Chapter I CLUSter 1 Box 2: The Impa
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Household Income (Consumption) Pove
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Income Poverty and GDP Growth the 2
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although global oil and food prices
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Figure 6: FDI Inflows 2000-2008 (US
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orrow from outside tanzania, where
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Infrastructure Roads the condition
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quantity but also in quality. for i
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Chapter I CLUSter 1 GOaL 4 & 5 prop
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Customers Connected to Sources of E
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Cluster I Conclusions and Policy Im
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MKUKUTA INDICATORS - SUMMARY OF DAT
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Indicator Baseline Trend Target MKU
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MKUKUTA Cluster II: Improvement of
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Regional variations in enrolment ha
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CLUSTER II- GOAL 1 and/or not compl
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Pupil/Teacher Ratio Overall, the pu
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provision of housing, funding for w
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CLUSTER II- GOAL 1 Table 11: Primar
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Table 12: Benefit Incidence Analysi
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Figure 15: Infant and Under-Five Mo
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Figure 17: Prevalence of Malaria in
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Figure 19: Percentage of Children U
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Table 13: Indicators of Malnutritio
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CLUSTER II- GOAL 2 Ghana (Edmond et
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Figure 24: Percentage of Births Tak
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Figure 26: HIV Prevalence by Age Gr
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Figure 28: Projected Number of Adul
Page 99 and 100: Projections based on the model indi
Page 101 and 102: Access to Healthcare Services On th
Page 103 and 104: Health Services Development Strateg
Page 105 and 106: Figure 34: Access to Clean and Safe
Page 110 and 111: POVERTY AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPOR
Page 128 and 129: MKUKUTA INDICATORS - SUMMARY OF DAT
Page 130 and 131: Target Indicator Baseline Trend MKU
Page 136 and 137: Sources: a = various sources as ind
Page 164 and 165: Indicator Baseline Trend Target MKU
Page 173 and 174: Chapter 2 An AnAlysis of household
Page 175 and 176: Composition of Consumption Consumpt
Page 177 and 178: the poverty line basket was valued
Page 179 and 180: Figure 50: Daily Caloric Intake per
Page 181 and 182: Figure 52: Poverty Incidence Curves
Page 183 and 184: Food share typically, a drop in the
Page 185 and 186: Liters per Adult Equivalent Kilogra
Page 187 and 188: Kilograms per Adult Equivalent 6 5
Page 189 and 190: Consumer Durables data from the hBs
Page 191 and 192: Additional data from the tanzania h
Page 193 and 194: Table 41: Percent of All Households
Page 195 and 196: Table 44: Percent of Males and Fema
Page 197 and 198: Table 46: Distribution of Household
Page 199: Conclusion Chapter 2 income poverty
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pOVertY aND hUMaN DeVeLOpMeNt repOr
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Chapter 2 Hoogeveen, J. & Ruhinduka
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Poverty and Human Development Report 2009 - UNDP in Tanzania

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