Poverty and Human Development Report 2009 - UNDP in Tanzania

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POVERTY AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 Goal 3 74 Increased Access to Clean Affordable and Safe Water, Sanitation, Decent Shelter, and a Safe and Sustainable Environment For the purposes of monitoring progress against this goal, the following five indicators have been defined. • Proportion of population with access to piped or protected water as their main drinking water source (with a 30 minute timeframe spent on going, collecting and returning to be taken into consideration) • • • • Number of reported cholera cases Percentage of households with basic sanitation facilities Percentage of schools having adequate sanitation facilities (as per MoEVT policy) Total area under community-based natural resources management Access to Clean and Safe Water Proportion of Population with Access to Piped or Protected Water There are two main sources of data on access to clean and safe water: (i) routine data collected by utilities and local government authorities, and collated by the Ministry of Water and Irrigation (MoWI); and (ii) data from periodic household surveys conducted by the National Bureau of Statistics. More fundamentally, the two data sources measure different things; routine data monitors the presence and functionality of infrastructure (for example, number of functioning public water points) while household surveys measure actual access to water by households. The routine data system measures sector outputs and estimates access based on assumptions of the number of households expected to utilise a service point. Household surveys measure outcomes, i.e. provide actual estimates of utilisation of services. The use of these different measurement approaches accounts for the apparent inconsistency in access data. The issue of data inconsistencies has been discussed at length in PHDR 2005 and 2007, and at sector level, under the Joint Water Sector Review processes, a working group for performance monitoring has been seeking to address the problem since October 2006. As a way forward, a coherent framework for performance monitoring under the Water Sector Development Programme (WSDP) has been proposed. The framework clearly separates measurements of outputs from outcomes for each of the various sub-sectors. Since MKUKUTA indicators measure outcomes at household level, survey data provide the most reliable source for monitoring progress towards water and sanitation targets. Figure 34 below presents both routine and survey data for access to clean and safe water in both urban and rural areas, spanning the last 18 years, along with key future targets – MKUKUTA in 2010, MDG in 2015 and the Tanzania Development Vision 2025.
Figure 34: Access to Clean and Safe Water Supply 50 % of households using an improved source as main source of drinking water 100 75 50 25 0 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 Rural - Routine data Rural - Survey data Rural - WSDP Targets Rural - MKUKUTA/MDG/V2025 Target Urban - Routine Urban - Survey Urban - WSDP Targets Urban - MKUKUTA/MDG/V2025 Targets CLUSTER II- GOAL 3 Sources of data: Ministry of Water, routine data; HBS 1991-92, 2000/01 and 2007; Population and Housing Census 2002 (NBS, 2003); TDHS 2004/05. In rural areas, survey data suggest little or no increase in coverage over the past seven years. In urban areas, survey data show a declining trend, particularly in piped water supply (Figure 35). This likely reflects the failure of network expansion and service delivery to keep pace with urban population growth. Based on these estimates, neither rural nor urban coverage targets under MKUKUTA will be met. However, the gaps between current coverage and the MKUKUTA targets, especially for rural areas, are exaggerated as targets were set based on routine data estimates which give consistently higher estimates of access than do survey data. 50 Prior to 2008, even MoWI data excluded Dar es Salaam. MoWI coverage estimates in Dar es Salaam are significantly lower than in other urban areas (68% compared to 83%), which explains the dip at the end of the routine monitoring data line in Figure 1, when Dar es Salaam data is included for the first time. 75
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UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA POVERTY
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COnTEnTS List of Tables ...........
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MKUKUTA Cluster II: CONteNts Improv
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CONteNts Data.for.Monitoring.......
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CONteNts HOUSEHOLD OCCUPATION AND P
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Table 25: Table 26: Percent of Adul
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Figure 21: Figure 22: Percentage of
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LisT Of AbbREViATiONs AIDS Acquired
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PRSP Poverty Reduction Strategy Pap
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ExECUTIvE SUMMARy The Poverty and H
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in poverty. Nonetheless, the challe
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evise allocations based on identifi
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Monitoring Implications A comprehen
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eXeCUtiVe sUMMarY Good governance a
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Chapter Progress towards the goals
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GDP Growth by Sector the principal
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Figure 2: Sectoral Contribution to
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Chapter I CLUSter 1 Box 2: The Impa
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Household Income (Consumption) Pove
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Income Poverty and GDP Growth the 2
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although global oil and food prices
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Figure 6: FDI Inflows 2000-2008 (US
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orrow from outside tanzania, where
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Infrastructure Roads the condition
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Page 55 and 56: Chapter I CLUSter 1 GOaL 4 & 5 prop
Page 57 and 58: Customers Connected to Sources of E
Page 59 and 60: Cluster I Conclusions and Policy Im
Page 61 and 62: MKUKUTA INDICATORS - SUMMARY OF DAT
Page 63 and 64: Indicator Baseline Trend Target MKU
Page 69 and 70: MKUKUTA Cluster II: Improvement of
Page 71 and 72: Regional variations in enrolment ha
Page 73 and 74: CLUSTER II- GOAL 1 and/or not compl
Page 75 and 76: Pupil/Teacher Ratio Overall, the pu
Page 77 and 78: provision of housing, funding for w
Page 79 and 80: CLUSTER II- GOAL 1 Table 11: Primar
Page 81 and 82: Table 12: Benefit Incidence Analysi
Page 83 and 84: Figure 15: Infant and Under-Five Mo
Page 85 and 86: Figure 17: Prevalence of Malaria in
Page 87 and 88: Figure 19: Percentage of Children U
Page 89 and 90: Table 13: Indicators of Malnutritio
Page 91 and 92: CLUSTER II- GOAL 2 Ghana (Edmond et
Page 93 and 94: Figure 24: Percentage of Births Tak
Page 95 and 96: Figure 26: HIV Prevalence by Age Gr
Page 97 and 98: Figure 28: Projected Number of Adul
Page 99 and 100: Projections based on the model indi
Page 101 and 102: Access to Healthcare Services On th
Page 103: Health Services Development Strateg
Page 110 and 111: POVERTY AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPOR
Page 128 and 129: MKUKUTA INDICATORS - SUMMARY OF DAT
Page 130 and 131: Target Indicator Baseline Trend MKU
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POVERTY AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPOR
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Indicator Baseline Trend Target MKU
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Chapter 2 An AnAlysis of household
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Composition of Consumption Consumpt
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the poverty line basket was valued
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Figure 50: Daily Caloric Intake per
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Figure 52: Poverty Incidence Curves
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Food share typically, a drop in the
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Liters per Adult Equivalent Kilogra
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Kilograms per Adult Equivalent 6 5
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Consumer Durables data from the hBs
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Additional data from the tanzania h
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Table 41: Percent of All Households
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Table 44: Percent of Males and Fema
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Table 46: Distribution of Household
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Conclusion Chapter 2 income poverty
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pOVertY aND hUMaN DeVeLOpMeNt repOr
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Chapter 2 Hoogeveen, J. & Ruhinduka
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