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for society. Amortisation calculation isextremely difficult and political stances can be
ambivalent 2 .Weneed to consider akind ofspecial business plan for such innovations.
Implementingthe useofcomplex systems asaservicecan be diverse:
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Installingacomplex system individuallyfor aclient,
Offeringthe useofcomplex systems asaservice ondemand,
Outsourcing of thecomplex system and related tasks to an external partner.
Thus, we could also have named this subsection “economic constraints in complex system
deployment”.
Cases
Two cases will introduce applications of complex systems in economics and education.
While most often, complex systems will be shown inITexamples, especially concerning
Big Data (Fischermann 2013), these exemplify the very broad variety ofideas and
successful implementations and will onlyoffer averycomprehended insight.
Complexity-related factors ininnovation management
In his recent master thesis, Christian Mayerhofer concentrates on the influence of complexity-related
factors ininnovation management (Mayerhofer 2013). Hedescribes corporate
innovation management asasystem that can be modelled rather simple and linear,
or explicitly inacomplex way. The latter showed to imply certain advantages for
companies.
Traditionally, innovation isperceived asasimple, linear model: research and creativity
lead to invention followed bydesign and development. Finally aninnovation can be
brought to the markets. Actually, we can quickly find some factors this model misses:
believes, ethics, workplace surrounding, etc. Mayerhofer’s thesis supposes anadvantage
if we monitor factors like variety, diversity, mutability, interaction and ambiguity concerning
actors, activities, resources and institutions (Mayerhofer 2013, pp. 30). Indeed,
it needs acomplex model tocoverall theconnections available.
2 Wecan thinkabout apension system where index-linkingisdone automatically based ona‘complex
system’toavoid short-time political reasoning.