Biological Control of Insect Pests: Southeast Asian Prospects - EcoPort

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2 Biological Control of Insect Pests: Southeast Asian Prospects 2 Estimation of biological control prospects Insect Rating Family Any Attractiveness biological as a target in control successes SE Asia Agrius convolvuli 7 Sphingidae yes medium Anomis flava 10 Noctuidae yes low to medium Aphis craccivora 15 Aphididae ? medium Aphis gossypii 19 Aphididae yes medium Cosmopolites sordidus 13 Curculionidae ? uncertain Deanolis sublimbalis 3 Pyralidae no uncertain Diaphorina citri 8 Psyllidae yes medium Dysdercus cingulatus 11 Pyrrhocoridae no v. low Dysmicoccus brevipes 10 Pseudococcidae yes medium Hypothenemus hampeii 12 Scolytidae yes medium Leucinodes orbonalis 15 Pyralidae no medium to high Nezara viridula 10 Pentatomidae yes high Ophiomyia phaseoli 14 Agromyzidae yes high Phyllocnistis citrella 16 Phyllocnistidae yes medium Planococcus citri 7 Pseudococcidae yes high Trichoplusia ni 7 Noctuidae yes medium
3 Introduction Introduction 3 Waterhouse (1993b) published information, collected from agricultural and weed experts in the 10 countries of Southeast Asia, on the distribution and importance of their major arthropod pests in agriculture. Ratings were supplied on the basis of a very simple system +++ very widespread and very important ++ widespread and important + important only locally P present, but not an important pest The advantages and limitations of this system were discussed by Waterhouse (1993b). Of 160 insect and mite pests nominated as important in Southeast Asia, a subset of 47 was rated as particularly so. The aim of the present work has been to summarise information relevant to the prospects for classical biological control of the most important of those of this subset of 47 that are thought to have evolved outside Southeast Asia. The assumption is that many of these have been introduced without some (sometimes without any) of the natural enemies that help to control them where they evolved. The chances are very much lower for arthropod pests that evolved in Southeast Asia of introducing effective, sufficiently host-specific, organisms from outside the region. On the other hand, there is reason to believe that some parasitoids of pests that are thought to have arisen in, or adjacent to, the Indian subcontinent may not yet occur throughout the eastern region of Southeast Asia and several such pests are dealt with. In regional considerations of this sort, it is to be expected that not all of the top 20, or even the top 10, of any one countryÕs arthropod pests will necessarily be included. Indeed, at least some of those omitted might well merit the production of additional dossiers if they are of such importance locally that a biological control program might be justified. ACIAR would be interested to learn of pests that might be considered in this category. The summary accounts presented are designed to enable a rapid review to be made of (i) the main characteristics of the principal insect pests of agriculture that are believed to be exotic to part or all of Southeast Asia, (ii) what is known of their enemies, particularly those that have high or moderate levels of host specificity and (iii) what the prospects appear to be for reducing their pest status by classical biological control.
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Page 9: 1 Abstract Introduction 1 Biologica
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 63 that the lyco
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IRAQ ISRAEL 4.4 Aphis gossypii 65 d
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 67 Lysiphlebus t
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USA USSR 4.4 Aphis gossypii 69 Lysi
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 71 the posterior
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 73 Aphidius cole
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 75 Ephedrus plag
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 77 as attacking
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Diptera 4.4 Aphis gossypii 79 insta
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 81 probing) of s
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 83 open fields w
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86 Biological Control of Insect Pes
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Table 4.5.1 Insect predators of Cos
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Table 4.5.1 (contÕd) Insect predat
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Table 4.5.2 Introductions for the b
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Table 4.5.2 (contÕd) Introductions
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Table 4.7.2 (contÕd) Diaphorina ci
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Table 4.7.3 (contÕd) Natural enemi
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Table 4.7.4 (contÕd) Hyperparasito
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Table 4.7.5 (contÕd) Hyperparsitoi
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4.9 Dysmicoccus brevipes India 20°
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Biology 4.9 Dysmicoccus brevipes 14
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Natural enemies 4.9 Dysmicoccus bre
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Table 4.9.1 (contÕd) Natural enemi
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Table 4.9.2 Introductions for the b
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Table 4.9.2 (contÕd) Introductions
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4.9 Dysmicoccus brevipes 153 INDONE
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TRINIDAD USA 4.9 Dysmicoccus brevip
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei India 20°
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Biology 4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 15
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 161 tissue
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Host plants 4.10 Hypothenemus hampe
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 165 the en
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 167 remain
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Table 4.10.1 (contÕd) Natural enem
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Asia 4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 171 C
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Table 4.10.2 (contÕd) Introduction
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 175 relati
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 177 to 30%
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 179 P. nas
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 181 Planta
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 183 Asian
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Table 4.11.1 Development times, and
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Table 4.11.2 Natural enemies of Leu
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4.12 Nezara viridula India Myanmar
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Biology Damage 4.12 Nezara viridula
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4.12 Nezara viridula 201 which cons
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Table 4.12.1 (contÕd) Parasitoids
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4.12 Nezara viridula 209 attracted
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Table 4.12.2 Introductions for the
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4.12 Nezara viridula 217 Doubt has
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4.12 Nezara viridula 219 Africa and
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BRAZIL 4.12 Nezara viridula 221 par
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4.12 Nezara viridula 223 parasitisa
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4.12 Nezara viridula 225 Anastatus
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THAILAND TONGA USA VANUATU 4.12 Nez
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4.12 Nezara viridula 229 Gryon sp.
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4.12 Nezara viridula 231 reproducti
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4.12 Nezara viridula 233 Ectophasio
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4.13 Ophiomyia phaseoli India Myanm
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Biology Host plants 4.13 Ophiomyia
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Natural enemies 4.13 Ophiomyia phas
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EGYPT ETHIOPIA 4.13 Ophiomyia phase
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4.13 Ophiomyia phaseoli 247 Three a
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Attempts at biological control 4.13
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The more important parasitoids 4.13
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4.13 Ophiomyia phaseoli 253 its hos
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Comment 4.13 Ophiomyia phaseoli 255
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The Major Invertebrate Pests and We
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4.15 Planococcus citri India 20° M
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Biology Host plants 4.15 Planococcu
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Table 4.15.1 Predators of Planococc
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Table 4.15.1 (contÕd) Predators of
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Table 4.15.1 (contÕd) Predators of
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Table 4.15.2 Parasitoids of Planoco
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4.15 Planococcus citri 299 The ency
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BRAZIL CHILE CHINA CUBA CYPRUS FRAN
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ISRAEL 4.15 Planococcus citri 303 R
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4.15 Planococcus citri 305 When the
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Table 4.15.4 Introductions for the
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Biology of important natural enemie
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4.15 Planococcus citri 313 Diomus p
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Comments 4.15 Planococcus citri 315
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni India 20° Mya
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Host plants 4.16 Trichoplusia ni 31
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 321 describing
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Table 4.16.2 (contÕd) Some predato
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Table 4.16.2 (contÕd) Some predato
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 335 Introducti
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 337 Table 4.16
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Table 4.16.6 Natural enemies of Tri
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 341 It was sug
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 343 13.85 days
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 345 Voria rura
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 347 when 2nd o
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5 References 349 Abasa, R.O. 1975.
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References 359 Beattie, G.A.C. and
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References 361 Berkani, A. 1995. Re
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References 385 Ferreira, A.J. and B
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