Biological Control of Insect Pests: Southeast Asian Prospects - EcoPort

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References 441 Saha, J.L. and Agarwala, B.K. 1986. Population trend of Aphis gossypii (Homoptera: Aphididae) and its natural enemies on egg plant, Solanum melongena Linn. In: B.K. Agarwala, ed., Aphidology in India. Aphidological Society of India (from Singh and Agarwala 1992), 13Ð18. Saharia, D. 1980a. Some aspects of the biology of coccinellid predators associated with Aphis craccivora Koch on cowpea. Journal of Research, Assam Agricultural University 1: 82Ð89. Saharia, D. 1980b. Natural regulation of population of Aphis craccivora Koch on cowpea. Journal of Research, Assam Agricultural University 1: 171Ð176. Saito, T. 1988. Control of Aphis gossypii in greenhouses by a mycoinsecticidal preparation of Verticillium lecanii and the effect of chemicals on the fungus (in Japanese). Japanese Journal of Applied Entomology and Zoology 32: 224Ð227 (Review of Applied Entomology (A) 77: 7773, 1989). Sakimura, K. 1935. Transportation of predaceous coccinellids from Saipan to Bonin Islands and Formosa. Kontyž 9: 76Ð82. Salazar, T.J. 1972. Contribution to knowledge of the Pseudococcidae of Peru (in Spanish, English summary). Revista Peruana de Entomologia 15: 277Ð303. Salles, L.A.B. 1991. Aspects of Trichopoda pennipes (Fabricius) (Diptera: Tachinidae) oviposition and its relation to parasitisation on the adults of Nezara viridula (Linnaeus) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae). Pesquisa Agropecuaria Brasileira 26: 39Ð44. Salles, L.A.B. 1993. Polymorphism in Nezara viridula (L.) and its parasitoid Trichopoda pennipes Fabr.. Anais da Sociedade Entomologica do Brasil 22: 395Ð399. Samal, P., Misra, B.C. and Nayak, P. 1978. Entomophthora fumosa Speare, an entomogenous fungus on rice brown planthoppers. Current Science 47: 241Ð242. Samanta, A.K., Tamili, D.K. and Raychaudhuri, D. 1985. New aphid parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) from North-east India. Science and Culture 51: 118Ð120. Samson, R.A. 1974. Paecilomyces and some allied Hyphomycetes. Studies in Mycology No 6: 41Ð43. Samways, M.J. 1983. Interrelationship between an entomogenous fungus and two anthomopteran (Hymenoptera: Formicidae-Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae and Aphididae) mutualisms on guava trees. Bulletin of Entomological Research 73: 321Ð331. Samways, M.J. and Grech, N.M. 1986. Assessment of the fungus Cladosporium oxysporum (Beck. and Curt.) as a potential biocontrol agent against certain Homoptera. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 15: 231Ð239.
442 Biological Control of Insect Pests: Southeast Asian Prospects Samways, M. and Mapp. J. 1983. Laboratory culture of the mealybug Planococcus citri (Risso) on lemons and butternuts. Phytophylactica 15: 163Ð164. Sanchez-Pena, S.R. 1993. Entomogenous fungi associated with the cotton aphid in the Texas high plains. Southwest Entomologist 18: 69Ð71. Sanda, G.L. 1991. Mode of hunting and functional response of the spider Marpissa tigrina Tikader (Salticidae: Arachnida) to the density of its prey, Diaphorina citri. Entomon 16: 279Ð282. Sandanayake, W.R.M. and Edirisinghe, J.P. 1992. Trathala flavoorbitalis: parasitisation and development in relation to host stage attacked. Insect Science and its Application 13: 287Ð292. Sandanayake, W.R.M. and Edirisinghe, J.P. 1993. Aspects of reproductive biology of Trathala flavoorbitalis (Cam.): a parasitoid of Leucinodes orbonalis (Guen.). Entomon 17: 159Ð168. Sandhu, G.S. and Batra, R.C. 1978. Sources of resistance as observed under field infestation against citrus leaf-miner. Science and Culture 44: 122Ð124. Sandow, J.D. 1986. Biological control of the cowpea aphid. Proceedings of the fourth international lupin conference, Geraldton Western Australia 15Ð22 August 1986. Department of Agriculture, Perth, p. 324. Sankaran, T. 1974. Natural enemies introduced in recent years for biological control of agricultural pests in India. Indian Journal of Agricultural Science 44: 425Ð433. Santas, L.A. 1978. Distribution of citrus and cotton aphids and their parasites in Greece. Premier Symposium International sur la ZoogŽographie et l'ƒcologie de la Gr ce et des RŽgions Avoisinantes, Ath nes, Avril 1978, pp. 315Ð321. Saxena, H.P., Sircar, P. and Phokela, A. 1970. Predation of Coccinella septempunctata Linnaeus and Ischiodon scutellaris Fabricius on Aphis craccivora Koch. Indian Journal of Entomology 32: 105Ð106. Schaffner, J.V. and Griswold, C.L. 1934. Macrolepidoptera and their parasites reared from collections in the northeastern part of the United States. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Miscellaneous Publications 188: 69Ð70. Schelt, J. van 1993. Market driven research and development in biological control. Pesticide Science 37: 405Ð409. Schlinger, E.I. and Hall, J.C. 1959. A synopsis of the biologies of three imported parasites of the spotted alfalfa aphid. Journal of Economic Entomology 52: 154Ð157. Schlinger, E.I. and Hall, J.C. 1960. Biological notes on Pacific coast aphid parasites, and lists of California parasites (Aphidiidae) and their aphid hosts. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 53: 404Ð415.
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Biological Control of Insect Pests:
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ii The Australian Centre for Intern
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iv 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 Natural enem
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vi 4.14 4.15 4.16 Phyllocnistis cit
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1 Abstract Introduction 1 Biologica
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3 Introduction Introduction 3 Water
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Figure 1. Introduction 5 integratio
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Introduction 7 necessary those used
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10 Biological Control of Insect Pes
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Table 4.1.1 Natural enemies of Agri
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Table 4.2.1 Average figures (days)
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Table 4.2.2 Natural enemies of Anom
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Table 4.2.2 (contÕd) Natural enemi
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Table 3 Order No. of +s 26 1. 41 2.
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4.4 Aphis gossypii India Myanmar ++
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Host plants Damage 4.4 Aphis gossyp
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4.4 Aphis gossypii the abundance of
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Table 4.4.1 (contÕd) HYMENOPTERA A
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Table 4.4.1 (contÕd) HYMENOPTERA A
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Table 4.4.1 (contÕd) Parasitoids o
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Table 4.4.1 (contÕd) Parasitoids o
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 59 Under humid c
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Table 4.4.3 Releases for the biolog
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 63 that the lyco
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IRAQ ISRAEL 4.4 Aphis gossypii 65 d
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 67 Lysiphlebus t
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USA USSR 4.4 Aphis gossypii 69 Lysi
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 71 the posterior
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 73 Aphidius cole
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 75 Ephedrus plag
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 77 as attacking
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Diptera 4.4 Aphis gossypii 79 insta
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 81 probing) of s
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 83 open fields w
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Table 4.5.1 Insect predators of Cos
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Table 4.5.1 (contÕd) Insect predat
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Table 4.5.2 Introductions for the b
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Table 4.5.2 (contÕd) Introductions
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100 Biological Control of Insect Pe
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Table 4.7.2 (contÕd) Diaphorina ci
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Table 4.7.4 (contÕd) Hyperparasito
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Table 4.7.5 (contÕd) Hyperparsitoi
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4.9 Dysmicoccus brevipes India 20°
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Biology 4.9 Dysmicoccus brevipes 14
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Natural enemies 4.9 Dysmicoccus bre
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Table 4.9.2 Introductions for the b
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Table 4.9.2 (contÕd) Introductions
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4.9 Dysmicoccus brevipes 153 INDONE
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TRINIDAD USA 4.9 Dysmicoccus brevip
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei India 20°
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Biology 4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 15
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 161 tissue
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Host plants 4.10 Hypothenemus hampe
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 165 the en
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 167 remain
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Table 4.10.1 (contÕd) Natural enem
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Asia 4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 171 C
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Table 4.10.2 (contÕd) Introduction
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 175 relati
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 177 to 30%
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 179 P. nas
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 181 Planta
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 183 Asian
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Table 4.11.1 Development times, and
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Table 4.11.2 Natural enemies of Leu
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4.12 Nezara viridula India Myanmar
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Biology Damage 4.12 Nezara viridula
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4.12 Nezara viridula 201 which cons
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Table 4.12.1 (contÕd) Parasitoids
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4.12 Nezara viridula 209 attracted
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Table 4.12.2 Introductions for the
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4.12 Nezara viridula 217 Doubt has
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4.12 Nezara viridula 219 Africa and
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BRAZIL 4.12 Nezara viridula 221 par
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4.12 Nezara viridula 223 parasitisa
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4.12 Nezara viridula 225 Anastatus
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THAILAND TONGA USA VANUATU 4.12 Nez
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4.12 Nezara viridula 229 Gryon sp.
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4.12 Nezara viridula 231 reproducti
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4.12 Nezara viridula 233 Ectophasio
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4.13 Ophiomyia phaseoli India Myanm
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Biology Host plants 4.13 Ophiomyia
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Natural enemies 4.13 Ophiomyia phas
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EGYPT ETHIOPIA 4.13 Ophiomyia phase
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4.13 Ophiomyia phaseoli 247 Three a
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Attempts at biological control 4.13
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The more important parasitoids 4.13
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4.13 Ophiomyia phaseoli 253 its hos
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Comment 4.13 Ophiomyia phaseoli 255
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The Major Invertebrate Pests and We
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4.15 Planococcus citri India 20° M
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Biology Host plants 4.15 Planococcu
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Table 4.15.1 Predators of Planococc
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Table 4.15.1 (contÕd) Predators of
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Table 4.15.1 (contÕd) Predators of
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Table 4.15.2 Parasitoids of Planoco
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4.15 Planococcus citri 299 The ency
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BRAZIL CHILE CHINA CUBA CYPRUS FRAN
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ISRAEL 4.15 Planococcus citri 303 R
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4.15 Planococcus citri 305 When the
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Table 4.15.4 Introductions for the
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Biology of important natural enemie
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4.15 Planococcus citri 313 Diomus p
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Comments 4.15 Planococcus citri 315
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni India 20° Mya
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Host plants 4.16 Trichoplusia ni 31
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 321 describing
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Table 4.16.2 (contÕd) Some predato
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Table 4.16.2 (contÕd) Some predato
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 335 Introducti
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 337 Table 4.16
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Table 4.16.6 Natural enemies of Tri
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 341 It was sug
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 343 13.85 days
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 345 Voria rura
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 347 when 2nd o
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5 References 349 Abasa, R.O. 1975.
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References 351 Alfaro, F., Garcia-M
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References 353 Argyriou, L.C. 1970.
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References 355 Ayoub, M.A. 1960. Ph
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References 357 Barrera, J.F., Gomez
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References 359 Beattie, G.A.C. and
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References 361 Berkani, A. 1995. Re
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References 363 Boling, J.C. and Pit
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References 365 Brun, L.O., Marcilla
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References 367 Cantrell, B.K. 1984.
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References 369 Cenda-a, S.M., Gabri
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References 371 Chien, C.C., Chu, Y.
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References 373 CIE 1985. Distributi
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References 375 Compere, H. 1939. Me
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References 377 Crouzel, I.S. and Sa
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References 379 De Oliveira Filho, M
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References 381 Ding, Y., Li, M. and
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References 383 Elliott, N.C., Frenc
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References 385 Ferreira, A.J. and B
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References 387 Foerster, L.A., Quei
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References 389 Garcia, A. and Barri
Page 366 and 367: References 391 Godin, C. and Boivin
Page 368 and 369: References 393 Guido, A.S. and Ruff
Page 370 and 371: References 395 Hayat, M. and Lin, K
Page 372 and 373: References 397 Hofmaster, R.N. 1961
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Page 378 and 379: References 403 Jones, W.A. 1979. Th
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Page 390 and 391: References 415 Lo, K.C. and Chiu, S
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