Biological Control of Insect Pests: Southeast Asian Prospects - EcoPort

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Table 4.16.6 Natural enemies of Trichoplusia ni larvae in southern California from weed hosts, lucerne and tree tobacco (Nicotiana glauca) (from Clancy 1969) Month No reared % pupating % killed by virus all parasites Voria ruralis all other Tachinidae Copidosoma truncatellum all other Hymenoptera 1966 Collections from annual weeds May 94 2.1 63.8 34.0 4.3 11.7 10.6 7.4 June 286 12.6 57.3 30.1 7.7 9.8 4.9 7.0 July 327 4.6 70.9 24.2 4.0 10.1 5.5 4.6 Aug 280 6.1 44.3 49.6 16.1 6.4 25.4 1.8 Sept 193 18.6 31.6 49.7 12.4 9.3 30.0 Oct 267 41.9 37.8 20.2 6.4 3.4 10.5 Nov 162 47.5 25.9 26.5 9.3 1.2 16.0 Dec 1967 151 4.6 39.1 56.3 38.4 0.7 16.6 0.7 Jan 138 31.9 16.7 51.4 34.1 0.7 16.7 Feb 63 61.9 11.1 27.0 11.1 15.9 March 7 14.3 28.6 57.1 14.3 42.9 April 12 41.7 33.3 25.0 25.0 May 120 60.0 15.8 24.2 16.7 1.7 5.8 Totals 2100 22.0 42.5 35.2 13.1 5.9 13.3 2.8 Collections from lucerne 149 6.7 63.8 29.5 6.0 20.8 0.7 2.0 Collections from tree tobacco, Nicotiana glauca 479 47.0 11.9 41.1 21.5 1.0 11.7 6.9 4.16 Trichoplusia ni 339
340 Biological Control of Insect Pests: Southeast Asian Prospects minutum from eggs collected from lettuce. In addition, the carabid beetle, Calosoma peregrinator, fed readily on T. ni larvae (McKinney 1944). A study in southern Texas of the loopers T. ni and Chrysodeixis includens on a range of host plants revealed high levels (58% to 71%) of mortality of larvae and pupae by 29 parasitoid species (Table 4.16.1) during all but 4 months of the year, all of which existed at rather low levels (Harding 1976). Turning to cotton in southern California, T. ni is a secondary pest and there is good evidence that natural enemies, in particular several predators, are mainly responsible for its generally low pest status. The 4 major predators there are larvae of the green lacewing, Chrysoperla carnea (which consume eggs and larvae) adults and nymphs of the bugs Geocoris pallens and Orius tristicolor (which prey upon eggs and small larvae) and adults and nymphs of the bug Nabis americoferus (which prey upon larvae of all sizes). Spiders, mantids, carabids, vespids and reduviid bugs are among predators that are also present in smaller numbers (Ehler and van den Bosch 1974; Ehler 1977a). Eleven species of parasitoid have been reported from T. ni on cotton, of which the following are most important, although their combined effect is far less than that of the predators: Trichogramma semifumatum (an egg parasitoid), Cotesia marginiventris, Hyposoter exiguae and Microgaster brassicae (which attack small larvae and kill hosts when of medium size), Copidosoma truncatellum (an egg-larval parasitoid, which emerges from large larvae or prepupae), Chelonus texanus (an egg-larval parasitoid which kills medium sized hosts), Voria ruralis (which lays eggs on medium sized larvae and kills large larvae or prepupae), and Patrocloides montanus (a larval-pupal parasitoid which usually oviposits in large larvae). Copidosoma truncatellum is polyembryonic and Voria ruralis is often gregarious (Ehler and van den Bosch 1974). A nuclear polyhedrosis virus was the only pathogen shown to cause T. ni mortality, particularly late in the season at peak density of T. ni larvae, when levels of 50 to 60% mortality have been observed. All of the predators mentioned above are widely polyphagous. The first 4 parasitoids listed above had a restricted host range and the last 4 were host specific in the cotton ecosystem. Disappearance of eggs and small larvae, assumed to be due to predation, was consistently the major mortality factor. Parasitisation of larvae by any parasitoid seldom exceeded 30%, the exception being that by Copidosoma truncatellum which often reached 50 to 75%. Detailed life table studies of T. ni on cotton were reported by Ehler (1977a).
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Biological Control of Insect Pests:
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ii The Australian Centre for Intern
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iv 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 Natural enem
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vi 4.14 4.15 4.16 Phyllocnistis cit
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1 Abstract Introduction 1 Biologica
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3 Introduction Introduction 3 Water
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Figure 1. Introduction 5 integratio
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Introduction 7 necessary those used
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10 Biological Control of Insect Pes
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Table 4.1.1 Natural enemies of Agri
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Table 4.2.1 Average figures (days)
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Table 4.2.2 Natural enemies of Anom
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Table 4.2.2 (contÕd) Natural enemi
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Table 3 Order No. of +s 26 1. 41 2.
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4.4 Aphis gossypii India Myanmar ++
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Host plants Damage 4.4 Aphis gossyp
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4.4 Aphis gossypii the abundance of
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Table 4.4.1 (contÕd) HYMENOPTERA A
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Table 4.4.1 (contÕd) HYMENOPTERA A
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Table 4.4.1 (contÕd) Parasitoids o
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Table 4.4.1 (contÕd) Parasitoids o
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 59 Under humid c
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Table 4.4.3 Releases for the biolog
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 63 that the lyco
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IRAQ ISRAEL 4.4 Aphis gossypii 65 d
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 67 Lysiphlebus t
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USA USSR 4.4 Aphis gossypii 69 Lysi
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 71 the posterior
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 73 Aphidius cole
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 75 Ephedrus plag
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 77 as attacking
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Diptera 4.4 Aphis gossypii 79 insta
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 81 probing) of s
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 83 open fields w
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Table 4.5.1 Insect predators of Cos
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Table 4.5.1 (contÕd) Insect predat
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Table 4.5.2 Introductions for the b
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Table 4.5.2 (contÕd) Introductions
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100 Biological Control of Insect Pe
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Table 4.7.2 (contÕd) Diaphorina ci
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Table 4.7.4 (contÕd) Hyperparasito
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Table 4.7.5 (contÕd) Hyperparsitoi
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4.9 Dysmicoccus brevipes India 20°
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Biology 4.9 Dysmicoccus brevipes 14
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Natural enemies 4.9 Dysmicoccus bre
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Table 4.9.2 Introductions for the b
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Table 4.9.2 (contÕd) Introductions
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4.9 Dysmicoccus brevipes 153 INDONE
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TRINIDAD USA 4.9 Dysmicoccus brevip
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei India 20°
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Biology 4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 15
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 161 tissue
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Host plants 4.10 Hypothenemus hampe
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 165 the en
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 167 remain
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Table 4.10.1 (contÕd) Natural enem
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Asia 4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 171 C
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Table 4.10.2 (contÕd) Introduction
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 175 relati
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 177 to 30%
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 179 P. nas
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 181 Planta
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 183 Asian
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Table 4.11.1 Development times, and
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Table 4.11.2 Natural enemies of Leu
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4.12 Nezara viridula India Myanmar
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Biology Damage 4.12 Nezara viridula
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4.12 Nezara viridula 201 which cons
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Table 4.12.1 (contÕd) Parasitoids
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4.12 Nezara viridula 209 attracted
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Table 4.12.2 Introductions for the
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4.12 Nezara viridula 217 Doubt has
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4.12 Nezara viridula 219 Africa and
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BRAZIL 4.12 Nezara viridula 221 par
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4.12 Nezara viridula 223 parasitisa
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4.12 Nezara viridula 225 Anastatus
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THAILAND TONGA USA VANUATU 4.12 Nez
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4.12 Nezara viridula 229 Gryon sp.
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4.12 Nezara viridula 231 reproducti
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4.12 Nezara viridula 233 Ectophasio
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4.13 Ophiomyia phaseoli India Myanm
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Biology Host plants 4.13 Ophiomyia
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Natural enemies 4.13 Ophiomyia phas
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EGYPT ETHIOPIA 4.13 Ophiomyia phase
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4.13 Ophiomyia phaseoli 247 Three a
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Attempts at biological control 4.13
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The more important parasitoids 4.13
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4.13 Ophiomyia phaseoli 253 its hos
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Comment 4.13 Ophiomyia phaseoli 255
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The Major Invertebrate Pests and We
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4.15 Planococcus citri India 20° M
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Page 324 and 325: 5 References 349 Abasa, R.O. 1975.
Page 326 and 327: References 351 Alfaro, F., Garcia-M
Page 328 and 329: References 353 Argyriou, L.C. 1970.
Page 330 and 331: References 355 Ayoub, M.A. 1960. Ph
Page 332 and 333: References 357 Barrera, J.F., Gomez
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Page 340 and 341: References 365 Brun, L.O., Marcilla
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Page 348 and 349: References 373 CIE 1985. Distributi
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Page 358 and 359: References 383 Elliott, N.C., Frenc
Page 360 and 361: References 385 Ferreira, A.J. and B
Page 362 and 363: References 387 Foerster, L.A., Quei
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References 389 Garcia, A. and Barri
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References 391 Godin, C. and Boivin
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References 393 Guido, A.S. and Ruff
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References 395 Hayat, M. and Lin, K
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References 397 Hofmaster, R.N. 1961
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References 399 Huo, S.T., Wei, Z.G.
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References 401 Jackson, C.G., Neema
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References 403 Jones, W.A. 1979. Th
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References 405 Kester, K.M., Smith,
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References 407 Komazaki, S. 1993. B
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References 409 Kushida, T., Katagir
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References 411 Lee, S.C., Yoo, J.K.
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References 413 Liljesthršm, G.G. 1
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References 415 Lo, K.C. and Chiu, S
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References 417 Manjunath, T.M. 1972
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References 419 McCutcheon, G.S. and
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References 421 Michael, P.J. 1981.
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References 423 Moreira, G.R.P. and
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References 425 Nakahara, M. and Kai
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References 427 Nixon, G.E.J. 1937.
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References 429 Oncuer, C. and Bayha
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References 431 Panis, A. 1977. Pseu
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References 433 Pe-a, J.E., Gilbin-D
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References 435 Prinsloo, G.L. 1985.
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References 437 Reddy, K.B. and Bhat
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References 439 Roepke, W. 1912. On
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References 441 Saha, J.L. and Agarw
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References 443 Schlinger, E.I. and
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References 445 Shi, D.S. 1984. Stud
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References 447 Singh, R. and Bhatt,
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References 449 Sinha, T.B. and Sing
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References 451 Soldevila, A.I. and
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References 453 Starù, P. and Ghosh
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References 455 Steinkraus, D.C., Sl
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References 457 Swezey, O.H. 1931. R
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