Biological Control of Insect Pests: Southeast Asian Prospects - EcoPort

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16 Biological Control of Insect Pests: Southeast Asian Prospects SOUTH AFRICA A. convolvuli is a common pest in the eastern part of South Africa. Although it is generally not abundant, from time to time large areas of sweet potatoes have been almost completely defoliated by it. There are 3 generations a year and overwintering occurs as the pupa. Natural enemies include the whitebellied stork (Ciconia nigra) which, on occasion, destroys large numbers of larvae (Anon. 1927). ZIMBABWE A. convolvuli larvae on sweet potato were parasitised by the tachinids Zygobothria atropivora and Sturmia dilabida, both of which are widely distributed in South Africa. The latter parasitoid also attacks larvae of Spodoptera exigua (Cuthbertson 1934). Discussion The majority of the parasitoids recorded as attacking A. convolvuli also attack the eggs or larvae of a range of other Lepidoptera living in the same environment. Many of these are pest species. Lack of parasitoid specificity is a significant advantage when dealing with a strong flying species, such as A. convolvuli, which can travel long distances, since the parasitoids are more likely to be already present on some other host when adult moths arrive to oviposit at a new site. On the other hand, lack of specificity is a disadvantage if the non-target species that are attacked include environmentally important species, the lowering of whose population density is considered undesirable. In the present instance it is clear, from the information outlined earlier under India that, whereas the Trichogramma egg parasitoids involved attack the eggs of a range of species of Lepidoptera, they do so only when the eggs are laid on particular host plants. In this sense they, indeed, display a valuable degree of specificity, which should be taken into consideration when deciding whether or not to proceed with introductions. With these qualifications it is clear that the establishment, in areas where they do not already occur, of any or all of 4 Trichogramma species (T. achaeae, T. agriae, T. australicum, T. chilonis) is highly likely to lead to a reduction to (or at least towards) subeconomic levels in the population of A. convolvuli. The underlying causes of the sporadic outbreaks of A. convolvuli are unknown. Comparatively little work also has been carried out on the parasitoids and more detailed studies may well reveal attractive new options to pursue.
4.2 Anomis flava India 20° Myanmar P Laos P 0° 20° China ++ Thailand + Cambodia + Vietnam +++ ++ Malaysia Singapore Brunei + Indonesia Taiwan Philippines Australia Papua New Guinea The noctuid moth Anomis flava occurs widely in Africa, Asia and Oceania, where its larvae sporadically, but seriously, damage cotton, okra, kenaf and other Malvaceae: its adults are fruit-sucking moths. Its sporadic occurrence suggests that it may be under effective biological control for much of the time. It is attacked by non-specific predators and by a number of parasitoids. Many of the latter attack other Lepidoptera in the same plant environment and appear to be specific to larvae in that environment rather than to individual species inhabiting it. Further studies are needed to provide information on what the prospects are for classical biological control. 17 20° 0° 20°
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 77 as attacking
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Diptera 4.4 Aphis gossypii 79 insta
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 81 probing) of s
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 83 open fields w
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Table 4.5.1 Insect predators of Cos
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Table 4.5.1 (contÕd) Insect predat
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Table 4.5.2 Introductions for the b
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Table 4.5.2 (contÕd) Introductions
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Table 4.7.3 (contÕd) Natural enemi
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Table 4.7.4 (contÕd) Hyperparasito
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Table 4.7.5 (contÕd) Hyperparsitoi
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4.9 Dysmicoccus brevipes India 20°
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Biology 4.9 Dysmicoccus brevipes 14
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Natural enemies 4.9 Dysmicoccus bre
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Table 4.9.1 (contÕd) Natural enemi
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Table 4.9.2 Introductions for the b
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Table 4.9.2 (contÕd) Introductions
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4.9 Dysmicoccus brevipes 153 INDONE
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TRINIDAD USA 4.9 Dysmicoccus brevip
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei India 20°
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Biology 4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 15
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 161 tissue
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Host plants 4.10 Hypothenemus hampe
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 165 the en
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 167 remain
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Table 4.10.1 (contÕd) Natural enem
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Asia 4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 171 C
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Table 4.10.2 (contÕd) Introduction
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 175 relati
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 177 to 30%
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 179 P. nas
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 181 Planta
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 183 Asian
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Table 4.11.1 Development times, and
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Table 4.11.2 Natural enemies of Leu
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4.12 Nezara viridula India Myanmar
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Biology Damage 4.12 Nezara viridula
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4.12 Nezara viridula 201 which cons
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Table 4.12.1 (contÕd) Parasitoids
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4.12 Nezara viridula 209 attracted
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Table 4.12.2 Introductions for the
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4.12 Nezara viridula 217 Doubt has
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4.12 Nezara viridula 219 Africa and
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BRAZIL 4.12 Nezara viridula 221 par
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4.12 Nezara viridula 223 parasitisa
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4.12 Nezara viridula 225 Anastatus
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THAILAND TONGA USA VANUATU 4.12 Nez
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4.12 Nezara viridula 229 Gryon sp.
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4.12 Nezara viridula 231 reproducti
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4.12 Nezara viridula 233 Ectophasio
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4.13 Ophiomyia phaseoli India Myanm
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Biology Host plants 4.13 Ophiomyia
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Natural enemies 4.13 Ophiomyia phas
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EGYPT ETHIOPIA 4.13 Ophiomyia phase
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4.13 Ophiomyia phaseoli 247 Three a
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Attempts at biological control 4.13
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The more important parasitoids 4.13
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4.13 Ophiomyia phaseoli 253 its hos
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Comment 4.13 Ophiomyia phaseoli 255
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The Major Invertebrate Pests and We
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4.15 Planococcus citri India 20° M
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Biology Host plants 4.15 Planococcu
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Table 4.15.1 Predators of Planococc
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Table 4.15.1 (contÕd) Predators of
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Table 4.15.1 (contÕd) Predators of
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Table 4.15.2 Parasitoids of Planoco
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4.15 Planococcus citri 299 The ency
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BRAZIL CHILE CHINA CUBA CYPRUS FRAN
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ISRAEL 4.15 Planococcus citri 303 R
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4.15 Planococcus citri 305 When the
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Table 4.15.4 Introductions for the
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Biology of important natural enemie
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4.15 Planococcus citri 313 Diomus p
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Comments 4.15 Planococcus citri 315
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni India 20° Mya
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Host plants 4.16 Trichoplusia ni 31
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 321 describing
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Table 4.16.2 (contÕd) Some predato
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Table 4.16.2 (contÕd) Some predato
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 335 Introducti
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 337 Table 4.16
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Table 4.16.6 Natural enemies of Tri
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 341 It was sug
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 343 13.85 days
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 345 Voria rura
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 347 when 2nd o
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5 References 349 Abasa, R.O. 1975.
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References 359 Beattie, G.A.C. and
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References 361 Berkani, A. 1995. Re
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References 363 Boling, J.C. and Pit
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References 365 Brun, L.O., Marcilla
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References 369 Cenda-a, S.M., Gabri
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References 371 Chien, C.C., Chu, Y.
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References 373 CIE 1985. Distributi
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References 375 Compere, H. 1939. Me
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References 377 Crouzel, I.S. and Sa
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References 383 Elliott, N.C., Frenc
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References 385 Ferreira, A.J. and B
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References 387 Foerster, L.A., Quei
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References 389 Garcia, A. and Barri
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References 391 Godin, C. and Boivin
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