Biological Control of Insect Pests: Southeast Asian Prospects - EcoPort

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References 451 Soldevila, A.I. and Jones, D. 1994. Characterization of a novel protein associated with the parasitization of lepidopteran hosts by an endoparasitic wasp. Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 24: 29Ð38. Soo Hoo, C.F. and Seay, R.S. 1972. Effects of parasitism by Voria ruralis on the feeding behavior of larvae of Trichoplusia ni. Israel Journal of Entomology 7: 37Ð40. Soo Hoo, C.F., Seay, R.S. and Vail, P.V. 1974. Voria ruralis: field cage evaluation of four densities of the larval parasite against Trichoplusia ni. Environmental Entomology 3: 439Ð440. Sopp, P.I., Gillespie, A.T. and Palmer, A. 1990. Comparison of ultra-low-volume electrostatic and high-volume hydraulic application of Verticillium lecanii for aphid control on chrysanthemums. Crop Protection 9: 177Ð184. Soylu, O.Z. and Urel, N. 1977. Investigations on the parasites and predators of insects injurious to citrus orchards in the region of South Anatolia. (in Turkish, English summary). Bitki Koruma Bulteni 17: 2Ð4, 77Ð112. Speijer, P.R., Budenberg, W.J. and Sikora, R.A. 1993. Relationships between nematodes, weevils, banana and plantain cultivars and damage. Annals of Applied Biology 123: 517Ð525. Spencer, H. 1926. Biology of the parasites and hyperparasites of aphids. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 19: 119Ð157. Spencer, K.A. 1973. Agromyzidae (Diptera) of Economic Importance. Series Entomologia Vol. 9. Dr W. Junk, The Hague. 405pp. Spencer, K.A. 1990. Host Specialization in the World Agromyzidae. Series Entomologica. Vol. 45. Kluwer Academic Publishers. 444pp. Sponagel, K.W. 1993. Untersuchungen zu Auftreten und BekŠmpfung des KaffeehirschenkŠfers Hypothenemus hampei Ferr. (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) an Robusta Ñ Kaffee Coffea canephora Pierra en Froehner in Amazonastieflund von Ekuador. Dissertation in Fachbereich Agrarwissenschafter der Justus Liebig UniversitŠt Giessen, 10 November 1993. 279pp. Wissenschaftlicher Fachverlag. Srivastava, R.P. and Gupta, R.S. 1971. Dysdercus cingulatus Fabr., a new pest of wheat: a possible case of host cross-over. Indian Journal of Entomology 33: 354. Srivastava, U.S. and Bahadur, J. 1958. Observations on the life history of red cotton bug, Dysdercus cingulatus (Hemiptera: Pyrrhocoridae). Indian Journal of Entomology 20: 228Ð231. Stadler, B. and Všlkl, W. 1991. Foraging patterns of two aphid parasitoids Lysiphlebus testaceipes and Aphidius colemani on banana. Entomologica Experimentalis et Applicata 58: 221Ð229.
452 Biological Control of Insect Pests: Southeast Asian Prospects Stainton, H.T. 1856. Descriptions of three species of Indian microlepidoptera. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London (N.S.) 3: 301Ð304. Stam, P.A., Newsom, L.D. and Lambremont, E.N. 1987. Predation and food as factors affecting survival of Nezara viridula (L.) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in a soybean ecosystem. Environmental Entomology 16: 1211Ð1216. Starks, K.J., Muniappan, R. and Eikenbary, R.D. 1972. Interaction between plant resistance and parasitism against the greenbug on barley and sorghum. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 65: 650Ð655. Starù, P. 1964. Integrated control problems of citrus and peach aphid pests in Italy orchards. Entomophaga 9: 147Ð152. Starù, P. 1966. Aphid Parasites of Czechoslovakia. Academia, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences. 242pp. Starù, P. 1967a. A review of hymenopterous parasites of citrus pest aphids of the world and biological control projects (Hym., Aphidiidae; Hom., Aphidoidea). Acta Entomologica Bohemoslov 64: 37Ð61. Starù, P. 1967b. Biological control of sugar cane aphid pests in the West Indies (Hom., Aphidoidea; Hym., Aphidiidae). Parts I & II. Rivista di Agricoltura Subtropicale e Tropicale 61: 33Ð49 and 117Ð130. Starù, P. 1967c. Control biol—gico de ‡fidos que atacan al cafŽ y al cacao en Sur AmŽrice e Indias Occidentales. Turrialba 17: 388Ð397 (in Spanish, English summary). Starù, P. 1970. Biology of Aphid Parasites. Series Entomologica No 6, Dr W. Junk NV., The Hague. 643pp. Starù, P. 1972. Aphidius platensis Br thes, its distribution and host range (Hym., Aphidiidae). Oriental Insects 6: 359Ð370. Starù, P. 1975. Aphidius colemani Viereck: its taxonomy, distribution and host range (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae). Acta Entomologica Bohemoslovaca 72: 156Ð163. Starù, P. 1976. Aphid Parasites (Hymenoptera, Aphidiidae) of the Mediterranean Area. W. Junk, The Hague, 95pp. Starù, P. 1979. Aphid Parasites (Hymenoptera, Aphidiidae) of the Central Asian Area. . W. Junk, The Hague, 114pp. Starù, P. 1981. Aphid parasitoids (Hymenoptera, Aphidiidae) of Cuba. Acta Entomologica Bohemoslovaca 78: 33Ð42. Starù, P. and Carver, M. 1979. Two new species of Aphidius Nees (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonoidea: Aphidiidae) from Australia. Journal of the Australian Entomological Society 18: 337Ð341. Starù, P. and Erdelen, C. 1982. Aphid parasitoids (Hym.: Aphidiidae, Aphelinidae) from the Yemen Arab Republic. Entomophaga 27: 105Ð108.
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Biological Control of Insect Pests:
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ii The Australian Centre for Intern
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iv 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 Natural enem
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vi 4.14 4.15 4.16 Phyllocnistis cit
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1 Abstract Introduction 1 Biologica
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3 Introduction Introduction 3 Water
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Figure 1. Introduction 5 integratio
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Introduction 7 necessary those used
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10 Biological Control of Insect Pes
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Table 4.1.1 Natural enemies of Agri
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Table 4.2.1 Average figures (days)
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Table 4.2.2 Natural enemies of Anom
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Table 4.2.2 (contÕd) Natural enemi
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Table 3 Order No. of +s 26 1. 41 2.
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4.4 Aphis gossypii India Myanmar ++
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Host plants Damage 4.4 Aphis gossyp
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4.4 Aphis gossypii the abundance of
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Table 4.4.1 (contÕd) HYMENOPTERA A
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Table 4.4.1 (contÕd) HYMENOPTERA A
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Table 4.4.1 (contÕd) Parasitoids o
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Table 4.4.1 (contÕd) Parasitoids o
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 59 Under humid c
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Table 4.4.3 Releases for the biolog
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 63 that the lyco
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IRAQ ISRAEL 4.4 Aphis gossypii 65 d
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 67 Lysiphlebus t
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USA USSR 4.4 Aphis gossypii 69 Lysi
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 71 the posterior
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 73 Aphidius cole
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 75 Ephedrus plag
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 77 as attacking
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Diptera 4.4 Aphis gossypii 79 insta
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 81 probing) of s
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 83 open fields w
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Table 4.5.1 Insect predators of Cos
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Table 4.5.1 (contÕd) Insect predat
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Table 4.5.2 Introductions for the b
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Table 4.5.2 (contÕd) Introductions
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100 Biological Control of Insect Pe
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Table 4.7.2 (contÕd) Diaphorina ci
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Table 4.7.4 (contÕd) Hyperparasito
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Table 4.7.5 (contÕd) Hyperparsitoi
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4.9 Dysmicoccus brevipes India 20°
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Biology 4.9 Dysmicoccus brevipes 14
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Natural enemies 4.9 Dysmicoccus bre
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Table 4.9.2 Introductions for the b
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Table 4.9.2 (contÕd) Introductions
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4.9 Dysmicoccus brevipes 153 INDONE
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TRINIDAD USA 4.9 Dysmicoccus brevip
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei India 20°
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Biology 4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 15
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 161 tissue
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Host plants 4.10 Hypothenemus hampe
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 165 the en
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 167 remain
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Table 4.10.1 (contÕd) Natural enem
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Asia 4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 171 C
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Table 4.10.2 (contÕd) Introduction
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 175 relati
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 177 to 30%
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 179 P. nas
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 181 Planta
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 183 Asian
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Table 4.11.1 Development times, and
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Table 4.11.2 Natural enemies of Leu
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4.12 Nezara viridula India Myanmar
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Biology Damage 4.12 Nezara viridula
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4.12 Nezara viridula 201 which cons
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Table 4.12.1 (contÕd) Parasitoids
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4.12 Nezara viridula 209 attracted
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Table 4.12.2 Introductions for the
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4.12 Nezara viridula 217 Doubt has
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4.12 Nezara viridula 219 Africa and
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BRAZIL 4.12 Nezara viridula 221 par
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4.12 Nezara viridula 223 parasitisa
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4.12 Nezara viridula 225 Anastatus
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THAILAND TONGA USA VANUATU 4.12 Nez
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4.12 Nezara viridula 229 Gryon sp.
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4.12 Nezara viridula 231 reproducti
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4.12 Nezara viridula 233 Ectophasio
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4.13 Ophiomyia phaseoli India Myanm
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Biology Host plants 4.13 Ophiomyia
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Natural enemies 4.13 Ophiomyia phas
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EGYPT ETHIOPIA 4.13 Ophiomyia phase
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4.13 Ophiomyia phaseoli 247 Three a
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Attempts at biological control 4.13
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The more important parasitoids 4.13
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4.13 Ophiomyia phaseoli 253 its hos
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Comment 4.13 Ophiomyia phaseoli 255
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The Major Invertebrate Pests and We
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4.15 Planococcus citri India 20° M
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Biology Host plants 4.15 Planococcu
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Table 4.15.1 Predators of Planococc
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Table 4.15.1 (contÕd) Predators of
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Table 4.15.1 (contÕd) Predators of
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Table 4.15.2 Parasitoids of Planoco
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4.15 Planococcus citri 299 The ency
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BRAZIL CHILE CHINA CUBA CYPRUS FRAN
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ISRAEL 4.15 Planococcus citri 303 R
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4.15 Planococcus citri 305 When the
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Table 4.15.4 Introductions for the
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Biology of important natural enemie
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4.15 Planococcus citri 313 Diomus p
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Comments 4.15 Planococcus citri 315
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni India 20° Mya
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Host plants 4.16 Trichoplusia ni 31
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 321 describing
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Table 4.16.2 (contÕd) Some predato
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Table 4.16.2 (contÕd) Some predato
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 335 Introducti
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 337 Table 4.16
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Table 4.16.6 Natural enemies of Tri
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 341 It was sug
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 343 13.85 days
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 345 Voria rura
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 347 when 2nd o
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5 References 349 Abasa, R.O. 1975.
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References 351 Alfaro, F., Garcia-M
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References 353 Argyriou, L.C. 1970.
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References 355 Ayoub, M.A. 1960. Ph
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References 357 Barrera, J.F., Gomez
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References 359 Beattie, G.A.C. and
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References 361 Berkani, A. 1995. Re
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References 363 Boling, J.C. and Pit
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References 365 Brun, L.O., Marcilla
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References 367 Cantrell, B.K. 1984.
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References 369 Cenda-a, S.M., Gabri
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References 371 Chien, C.C., Chu, Y.
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References 373 CIE 1985. Distributi
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References 375 Compere, H. 1939. Me
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References 377 Crouzel, I.S. and Sa
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References 379 De Oliveira Filho, M
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References 381 Ding, Y., Li, M. and
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References 383 Elliott, N.C., Frenc
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References 385 Ferreira, A.J. and B
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References 387 Foerster, L.A., Quei
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References 389 Garcia, A. and Barri
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References 391 Godin, C. and Boivin
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References 393 Guido, A.S. and Ruff
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References 395 Hayat, M. and Lin, K
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References 397 Hofmaster, R.N. 1961
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References 399 Huo, S.T., Wei, Z.G.
Page 376 and 377: References 401 Jackson, C.G., Neema
Page 378 and 379: References 403 Jones, W.A. 1979. Th
Page 380 and 381: References 405 Kester, K.M., Smith,
Page 382 and 383: References 407 Komazaki, S. 1993. B
Page 384 and 385: References 409 Kushida, T., Katagir
Page 386 and 387: References 411 Lee, S.C., Yoo, J.K.
Page 388 and 389: References 413 Liljesthršm, G.G. 1
Page 390 and 391: References 415 Lo, K.C. and Chiu, S
Page 392 and 393: References 417 Manjunath, T.M. 1972
Page 394 and 395: References 419 McCutcheon, G.S. and
Page 396 and 397: References 421 Michael, P.J. 1981.
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Page 428 and 429: References 453 Starù, P. and Ghosh
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Page 438 and 439: References 463 Ujiye, T. 1990. Stud
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Page 446 and 447: References 471 Wilson, C.G. 1991. N
Page 448 and 449: References 473 Xu, C.F., Xia, Y.H.,
Page 450: References 475 Zhang, X.L. 1987. Pr
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