Biological Control of Insect Pests: Southeast Asian Prospects - EcoPort

226 Biological Control of Insect Pests: Southeast Asian Prospects
with the fact that soybean production in the Philippines is rather limited
Ñmuch lower than in many other Southeast Asian countries, such as
Thailand, Indonesia and Vietnam. Two egg parasitoids Telenomus comperei
and T. pacificus have been reported from N. viridula eggs laid on
groundnuts. Both species parasitised 100% of offered eggs in 24 hours and
adults emerged after 12 to 14 days. Adults lived up to 32 days when fed
honey (Cadapan and Alba 1987).
POHNPEI
N. viridula became a major pest in the early 1990s on several islands in the
Federated States of Micronesia. Following the introduction of T. basalis
from Hawaii, the green vegetable bug population has become so low that it is
rarely seen now on vegetables in Pohnpei (Esguerra et al. 1993; Suta and
Esguerra 1993).
SAMOA
Trissolcus basalis was introduced in 1953 and became established (Clausen
1978).
SOLOMON IS
Trissolcus basalis was introduced from Australia in 1940 against the
coconut spathe bug Axiagastus campbelli. It is said to be established
(CSIRO files) and a Trissolcus sp. has been recorded from pentatomid eggs
(N. viridula or Plautia brunneipennis) on beans (R. Macfarlane pers. comm.
1985).
Trichopoda pennipes was introduced from Florida via Fiji in 1950 in
order to control the coconut bug Amblypelta cocophaga and other
phytophagous bugs (OÕConnor 1950), but it has not been collected since.
SOUTH AFRICA
Trichopoda pennipes was introduced from USA and Italy and liberated in
1994 (Farinelli et al. 1994; van den Berg et al. 1994) but there is no
information on establishment. T. giacomelli has also been imported for
study (D.P.A. Sands pers. comm. 1997).
TAIWAN
T. basalis was introduced in 1983 and, two months after release,
parasitisation rates of 90% and 60% respectively of N. viridula eggs at two
sites was reported (Su and Tseng 1984).