Biological Control of Insect Pests: Southeast Asian Prospects - EcoPort

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210 Biological Control of Insect Pests: Southeast Asian Prospects Additional strains were later liberated of what, at the time, was believed to be T. basalis. These originated from the West Indies (1953), Italy (1956) and Pakistan (1961). However, doubt has been cast on the specific identity of the Italian material, although T. basalis is known to occur there. The Pakistan material, originally identified as T. basalis (but probably containing two species) has recently been shown (Clarke 1993a) to have consisted mainly of a new species Trissolcus crypticus. This bred readily in N. viridula eggs in the laboratory and, later, was widely distributed in Australia and Hawaii. However, T. crypticus has not been reported since in field collections. For many years up to the mid 1960s N. viridula was a very common and serious pest in the Canberra district, damaging tomatoes and beans in particular. This situation changed dramatically following the liberation of the material from Pakistan (presumably both T. basalis and T. crypticus) and, since then, N. viridula has become a very uncommon insect, appearing only in extremely limited numbers late in the season and only every few years. A great improvement also resulted about the same time in other subcoastal eastern cultivated areas, credited by Ratcliffe (1965) also to the liberation of material from Pakistan. However, since T. crypticus apparently did not become established its role, if any, in the changed situation is unclear. It is not known whether any cross mating with T. basalis might have occurred, which might have resulted in greater adaptability of T. basalis to the Canberra environment. The continuing very low abundance of N. viridula is possibly attributable to a heavy attack on its eggs by a resident population of T. basalis which is maintained on native pentatomid hosts, of which there are several (see later).
Table 4.12.2 Introductions for the biological control of Nezara viridula Country and species ANTIGUA Liberated From Result Reference Anastatus sp. 1961Ð62 Pakistan Ð Cock 1985 Trichopoda pilipes 1949 1955 Florida Montserrat Ð Ð Cock 1985 Cock 1985 Xenoencyrtus hemipterus (= X. niger) 1963 Australia Ð Cock 1985 ARGENTINA Trissolcus basalis 1981 Australia, Hawaii + Crouzel & Saini 1983; Porta & Crouzel 1984 AUSTRALIA Bogosia antinorii 1958 Kenya _ Greathead 1971 Telenomus chloropus (= T. nakagawai) 1962 1980 1981 Japan Japan Japan Ð Ð ? Callan 1963 Field 1984 Field 1984; J. Turner pers. comm. 1984 Trissolcus basalis 1933 Egypt + Kamal 1937; Wilson 1960 1953 West Indies + Wilson 1960 1956 Italy + Wilson 1960 1961 Pakistan + Ratcliffe 1965 1979Ð82 USA + Field 1984 1979Ð82 Brazil + J. Turner pers. comm. 1984 1979Ð82 South Africa + J. Turner pers. comm. 1984 Trissolcus crypticus 1961 Pakistan Ð Clarke 1993a Trissolcus mitsukurii 1962 Japan + Callan 1963 Trichopoda giacomelli Argentina ? Liljesthršm 1994 4.12 Nezara viridula 211
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Biological Control of Insect Pests:
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ii The Australian Centre for Intern
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iv 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 Natural enem
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vi 4.14 4.15 4.16 Phyllocnistis cit
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1 Abstract Introduction 1 Biologica
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3 Introduction Introduction 3 Water
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Figure 1. Introduction 5 integratio
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Introduction 7 necessary those used
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10 Biological Control of Insect Pes
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Table 4.1.1 Natural enemies of Agri
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Table 4.2.1 Average figures (days)
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Table 4.2.2 Natural enemies of Anom
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Table 4.2.2 (contÕd) Natural enemi
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Table 3 Order No. of +s 26 1. 41 2.
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4.4 Aphis gossypii India Myanmar ++
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Host plants Damage 4.4 Aphis gossyp
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4.4 Aphis gossypii the abundance of
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Table 4.4.1 (contÕd) HYMENOPTERA A
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Table 4.4.1 (contÕd) HYMENOPTERA A
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 63 that the lyco
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IRAQ ISRAEL 4.4 Aphis gossypii 65 d
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 67 Lysiphlebus t
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USA USSR 4.4 Aphis gossypii 69 Lysi
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 71 the posterior
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 73 Aphidius cole
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 75 Ephedrus plag
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 77 as attacking
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Diptera 4.4 Aphis gossypii 79 insta
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 81 probing) of s
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 83 open fields w
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Table 4.5.1 Insect predators of Cos
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Table 4.5.2 Introductions for the b
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Table 4.5.2 (contÕd) Introductions
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4.9 Dysmicoccus brevipes India 20°
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Biology 4.9 Dysmicoccus brevipes 14
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Natural enemies 4.9 Dysmicoccus bre
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Table 4.9.2 Introductions for the b
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Table 4.9.2 (contÕd) Introductions
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4.9 Dysmicoccus brevipes 153 INDONE
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TRINIDAD USA 4.9 Dysmicoccus brevip
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei India 20°
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The Major Invertebrate Pests and We
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The Major Invertebrate Pests and We
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4.15 Planococcus citri India 20° M
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Biology Host plants 4.15 Planococcu
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Table 4.15.1 Predators of Planococc
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Table 4.15.1 (contÕd) Predators of
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Table 4.15.1 (contÕd) Predators of
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Table 4.15.2 Parasitoids of Planoco
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BRAZIL CHILE CHINA CUBA CYPRUS FRAN
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ISRAEL 4.15 Planococcus citri 303 R
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Biology of important natural enemie
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Comments 4.15 Planococcus citri 315
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni India 20° Mya
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 321 describing
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 337 Table 4.16
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Table 4.16.6 Natural enemies of Tri
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 347 when 2nd o
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5 References 349 Abasa, R.O. 1975.
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References 353 Argyriou, L.C. 1970.
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