Biological Control of Insect Pests: Southeast Asian Prospects - EcoPort

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Table 4.7.4 (contÕd) Hyperparasitoids of Diaphorina citri (mostly after Tang 1989) Hyperparasitoid Attacks Region Reference APHELINIDAE (contÕd) Marietta leopardina (= Marietta javensis) T.r. = Tamarixia radiata D.a. = Diaphorencyrtus aligarhensis T.r. & D.a. D.a. Taiwan Philippines Encarsia spp. T.r. & D.a. Taiwan China Unidentified sp. T.r. & D.a. Taiwan Chien et al. 1989 Hayat & Lin 1988; Chien et al. 1989 Balthazar 1966, unpublished Hayat & Lin 1988; Chien et al. 1989 Tang 1989 124 Biological Control of Insect Pests: Southeast Asian Prospects
Table 4.7.5 Hyperparsitoids of Tamarixia radiata and Diaphorencyrtus aligarhensis in Fujian and Taiwan (after Qing 1990) T. radiata Percentage of hyperparasitisation D. aligarhensis Hyperparasitoid EULOPHIDAE Fujian Fujian Taiwan Fujian Fujian Taiwan Tetrastichus sp. PTEROMALIDAE 21.82 28.65 0.01 2.90 3.68 Pachyneuron concolor SIGNIPHORIDAE 0.45 18.50 Chartocerus walkeri ENCYRTIDAE 0.08 1.09 0.03 9.26 13.16 13.50 Syrphophagus taiwanus 0.05 1.09 4.21 6.80 ?Psyllaephagus sp. 0.04 0.10 10.35 6.58 Cheiloneurus sp. Ageniaspis sp. 0.01 unidentified sp.A Sp.B Sp.C Sp.D APHELINIDAE Encarsia sp. near transvena (= E. shafeei) 3.45 0.91 0.18 0.18 0.26 0.11 0.80 Encarsia sp. A 0.08 0.10 0.91 1.05 Encarsia sp. B 0.22 0.20 0.91 4.7 Diaphorina citri 125
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Biological Control of Insect Pests:
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ii The Australian Centre for Intern
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iv 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 Natural enem
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vi 4.14 4.15 4.16 Phyllocnistis cit
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1 Abstract Introduction 1 Biologica
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3 Introduction Introduction 3 Water
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Figure 1. Introduction 5 integratio
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Introduction 7 necessary those used
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10 Biological Control of Insect Pes
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Table 4.1.1 Natural enemies of Agri
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Table 4.2.1 Average figures (days)
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Table 4.2.2 Natural enemies of Anom
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Table 4.2.2 (contÕd) Natural enemi
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Table 4.2.2 (contÕd) Natural enemi
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Table 3 Order No. of +s 26 1. 41 2.
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4.4 Aphis gossypii India Myanmar ++
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Host plants Damage 4.4 Aphis gossyp
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4.4 Aphis gossypii the abundance of
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Table 4.4.1 (contÕd) HYMENOPTERA A
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Table 4.4.1 (contÕd) HYMENOPTERA A
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Table 4.4.1 (contÕd) Parasitoids o
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Table 4.4.1 (contÕd) Parasitoids o
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 59 Under humid c
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Table 4.4.3 Releases for the biolog
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 63 that the lyco
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IRAQ ISRAEL 4.4 Aphis gossypii 65 d
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 67 Lysiphlebus t
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USA USSR 4.4 Aphis gossypii 69 Lysi
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 71 the posterior
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Page 77 and 78: Diptera 4.4 Aphis gossypii 79 insta
Page 79 and 80: 4.4 Aphis gossypii 81 probing) of s
Page 81: 4.4 Aphis gossypii 83 open fields w
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Page 88 and 89: Table 4.5.1 Insect predators of Cos
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Page 94 and 95: Table 4.5.2 Introductions for the b
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Page 116 and 117: Table 4.7.2 (contÕd) Diaphorina ci
Page 120 and 121: Table 4.7.3 (contÕd) Natural enemi
Page 124 and 125: Table 4.7.5 (contÕd) Hyperparsitoi
Page 139 and 140: 4.9 Dysmicoccus brevipes India 20°
Page 141 and 142: Biology 4.9 Dysmicoccus brevipes 14
Page 143 and 144: Natural enemies 4.9 Dysmicoccus bre
Page 145 and 146: Table 4.9.1 (contÕd) Natural enemi
Page 147 and 148: Table 4.9.2 Introductions for the b
Page 149 and 150: Table 4.9.2 (contÕd) Introductions
Page 151 and 152: 4.9 Dysmicoccus brevipes 153 INDONE
Page 153 and 154: TRINIDAD USA 4.9 Dysmicoccus brevip
Page 155 and 156: 4.10 Hypothenemus hampei India 20°
Page 157 and 158: Biology 4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 15
Page 159 and 160: 4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 161 tissue
Page 161 and 162: Host plants 4.10 Hypothenemus hampe
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Page 171 and 172: Table 4.10.2 (contÕd) Introduction
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 175 relati
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 177 to 30%
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 179 P. nas
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 181 Planta
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 183 Asian
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186 Biological Control of Insect Pe
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Table 4.11.1 Development times, and
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Table 4.11.2 Natural enemies of Leu
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4.12 Nezara viridula India Myanmar
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Biology Damage 4.12 Nezara viridula
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4.12 Nezara viridula 201 which cons
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Table 4.12.1 (contÕd) Parasitoids
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4.12 Nezara viridula 209 attracted
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Table 4.12.2 Introductions for the
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Table 4.12.2 (contÕd) Introduction
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4.12 Nezara viridula 217 Doubt has
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4.12 Nezara viridula 219 Africa and
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BRAZIL 4.12 Nezara viridula 221 par
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4.12 Nezara viridula 223 parasitisa
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4.12 Nezara viridula 225 Anastatus
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THAILAND TONGA USA VANUATU 4.12 Nez
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4.12 Nezara viridula 229 Gryon sp.
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4.12 Nezara viridula 231 reproducti
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4.12 Nezara viridula 233 Ectophasio
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4.13 Ophiomyia phaseoli India Myanm
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Biology Host plants 4.13 Ophiomyia
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Natural enemies 4.13 Ophiomyia phas
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Table 4.13.1 (contÕd) Natural enem
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Table 4.13.1 (contÕd) Natural enem
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EGYPT ETHIOPIA 4.13 Ophiomyia phase
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4.13 Ophiomyia phaseoli 247 Three a
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Attempts at biological control 4.13
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The more important parasitoids 4.13
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4.13 Ophiomyia phaseoli 253 its hos
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Comment 4.13 Ophiomyia phaseoli 255
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The Major Invertebrate Pests and We
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4.15 Planococcus citri India 20° M
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Biology Host plants 4.15 Planococcu
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Table 4.15.1 Predators of Planococc
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Table 4.15.1 (contÕd) Predators of
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Table 4.15.1 (contÕd) Predators of
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Table 4.15.2 Parasitoids of Planoco
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4.15 Planococcus citri 299 The ency
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BRAZIL CHILE CHINA CUBA CYPRUS FRAN
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ISRAEL 4.15 Planococcus citri 303 R
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4.15 Planococcus citri 305 When the
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Table 4.15.4 Introductions for the
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Biology of important natural enemie
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4.15 Planococcus citri 313 Diomus p
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Comments 4.15 Planococcus citri 315
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni India 20° Mya
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Host plants 4.16 Trichoplusia ni 31
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 321 describing
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Table 4.16.2 (contÕd) Some predato
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Table 4.16.2 (contÕd) Some predato
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 335 Introducti
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 337 Table 4.16
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Table 4.16.6 Natural enemies of Tri
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 341 It was sug
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 343 13.85 days
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 345 Voria rura
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 347 when 2nd o
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5 References 349 Abasa, R.O. 1975.
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References 351 Alfaro, F., Garcia-M
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References 353 Argyriou, L.C. 1970.
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References 355 Ayoub, M.A. 1960. Ph
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References 357 Barrera, J.F., Gomez
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References 359 Beattie, G.A.C. and
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References 361 Berkani, A. 1995. Re
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References 363 Boling, J.C. and Pit
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References 365 Brun, L.O., Marcilla
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References 367 Cantrell, B.K. 1984.
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References 369 Cenda-a, S.M., Gabri
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References 371 Chien, C.C., Chu, Y.
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References 373 CIE 1985. Distributi
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References 375 Compere, H. 1939. Me
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References 377 Crouzel, I.S. and Sa
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References 379 De Oliveira Filho, M
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References 381 Ding, Y., Li, M. and
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References 383 Elliott, N.C., Frenc
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References 385 Ferreira, A.J. and B
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References 387 Foerster, L.A., Quei
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References 389 Garcia, A. and Barri
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References 391 Godin, C. and Boivin
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References 393 Guido, A.S. and Ruff
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References 395 Hayat, M. and Lin, K
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References 397 Hofmaster, R.N. 1961
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References 399 Huo, S.T., Wei, Z.G.
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References 401 Jackson, C.G., Neema
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References 403 Jones, W.A. 1979. Th
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References 405 Kester, K.M., Smith,
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References 407 Komazaki, S. 1993. B
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References 409 Kushida, T., Katagir
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References 411 Lee, S.C., Yoo, J.K.
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References 413 Liljesthršm, G.G. 1
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References 415 Lo, K.C. and Chiu, S
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References 417 Manjunath, T.M. 1972
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References 419 McCutcheon, G.S. and
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References 421 Michael, P.J. 1981.
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References 423 Moreira, G.R.P. and
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References 425 Nakahara, M. and Kai
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References 427 Nixon, G.E.J. 1937.
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References 429 Oncuer, C. and Bayha
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References 431 Panis, A. 1977. Pseu
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References 433 Pe-a, J.E., Gilbin-D
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References 435 Prinsloo, G.L. 1985.
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References 437 Reddy, K.B. and Bhat
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References 439 Roepke, W. 1912. On
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References 441 Saha, J.L. and Agarw
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References 443 Schlinger, E.I. and
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References 445 Shi, D.S. 1984. Stud
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References 447 Singh, R. and Bhatt,
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References 449 Sinha, T.B. and Sing
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References 451 Soldevila, A.I. and
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References 453 Starù, P. and Ghosh
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References 455 Steinkraus, D.C., Sl
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References 457 Swezey, O.H. 1931. R
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References 459 Tewari, G.C. and Sar
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References 461 Tranfaglia, A. 1979.
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References 463 Ujiye, T. 1990. Stud
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References 465 van Steenis, M.J. 19
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References 467 Vinson, S.B. and Sto
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References 469 Waterston, J. 1915.
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References 471 Wilson, C.G. 1991. N
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References 475 Zhang, X.L. 1987. Pr
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