Biological Control of Insect Pests: Southeast Asian Prospects - EcoPort

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28 Biological Control of Insect Pests: Southeast Asian Prospects CHAD Eleven species of parasitoid, 3 species of hyperparasitoid and nematodes were reared from A. flava larvae on cotton (Silvie et al. 1989; Silvie 1991). Total parasitisation never exceeded 25% and, in 1987, 15.7% of 485 A. flava larvae were parasitised. Details are shown in Table 4.2.4. The commonest parasitoid was Aleiodes aligharensi which, together with Aleiodes sp. accounted for nearly a third of all larvae parasitised. Three hyperparasitoids were recorded, about half emerging from species of Aleiodes. The most abundant was Mesochorus (= Stictopisthus) africanus (Ichneumonidae) followed by Nesolynx phaeosoma (Eulophidae) and Eurytoma syleptae (Eurytomidae). All three species were also reared from parasitised larvae of other host species (Silvie et al. 1989; Silvie 1991). Table 4.2.4 Natural enemies of A. flava larvae on cotton in Chad Species % of total larvae parasitised Primary parasitoids DIPTERA Other hosts TACHINIDAE Winthemia dasyops 15.8 Chrysodeixis acuta HYMENOPTERA BRACONIDAE Aleiodes aligharensi 32.9 Earias sp. Aleiodes sp. Helicoverpa armigera Apanteles syleptae 1.3 Syllepte derogata Nyereria sp. 1.3 Syllepte derogata Parapanteles sp. 5.3 Protomicroplitis sp. CHALCIDIDAE 3.9 Brachymeria nr aliberti ICHNEUMONIDAE 1.3 Enicospilus dolosus 9.2 NEMATODA Hyperparasitoids ICHNEUMONIDAE 1.3 Mesochorus (= Stictopisthus) africanus 4.0 Dead parasitoids 23.7
4.2 Anomis flava 29 CHINA Since 1970 the cultivation of bluish dogbane (Apocynum venotum) has increased greatly in Zhejiang Province, where A. flava is its most important pest and 43.7% of semilooper larvae were parasitised. There were two braconids, Apanteles anomidis (27.5% parasitisation) and Meteorus pulchricornis (4.9%); two ichneumonids, Charops bicolor (10 to 15%) and Mesochorus sp. (2.4%); and an unidentified species (0.54%). Mesochorus sp. acted as a hyperparasitoid of Apanteles anomidis, but itself parasitised about 1% of A. flava larvae (Xie 1984). Trichogramma chilonis was reared from the eggs of A. flava on cotton in Shanxi (Huo et al. 1988). Inoculative releases of T. dendrolimi in vegetable gardens adjacent to cotton fields infested with A. flava resulted in 61 to 81% parasitisation of its eggs. By comparison, in pesticide-treated fields nearby, parasitisation ranged from 2.5 to 30%. Inundative releases directly in cotton fields led to 30 to 80% parasitisation and no additional control measures were required (Wang et al. 1985, 1988). Polistes jokahamae and Polistes sp. were observed in Hunan Province preying on A. flava, the late instar larvae being preferred (Anon. 1976a). In Hubei Province, the earwig predator Euborellia pallipes was reported to reduce A. flava larval populations by 38 to 65% (Yang 1985a). INDIA Although A. flava is generally a minor pest, serious outbreaks occur sporadically. In Hyderabad State more than 1.5 million acres of cotton were affected in one outbreak, with up to 30 larvae per plant consuming everything except branches and bolls. Large numbers of the common mynah were reported eating the larvae (Khan 1956). In Mysore 70% of A. flava larvae on cotton in the field were parasitised by tachinid flies and Apanteles spp. In the laboratory, eggs were attacked by Trichogramma minutum and pupae by Tetrastichus howardi (Maheswariah and Puttarudiah 1956). MADAGASCAR The non-specific Brachymeria multicolor was recorded as producing more than 95% parasitisation of A. flava larvae on cotton (Steffan 1958; Delattre 1973). B. madecassa was also credited with 50 to 90% parasitisation of larvae in 1956 and 1957 (Vaissayre 1977). NEPAL The most important parasitoid of A. flava larvae, Meteorus sp. nr fragilis (Braconidae), was responsible for 50 and 69.4% parasitisation in 1973 and 1974 respectively. There were no pupal parasitoids (Neupane 1977).
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Table 4.5.1 Insect predators of Cos
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Table 4.5.1 (contÕd) Insect predat
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94 Biological Control of Insect Pes
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Table 4.5.2 Introductions for the b
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Table 4.5.2 (contÕd) Introductions
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Table 4.7.2 (contÕd) Diaphorina ci
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Table 4.7.3 (contÕd) Natural enemi
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Table 4.7.4 (contÕd) Hyperparasito
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Table 4.7.5 (contÕd) Hyperparsitoi
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4.9 Dysmicoccus brevipes India 20°
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Biology 4.9 Dysmicoccus brevipes 14
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Natural enemies 4.9 Dysmicoccus bre
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Table 4.9.1 (contÕd) Natural enemi
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Table 4.9.2 Introductions for the b
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Table 4.9.2 (contÕd) Introductions
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4.9 Dysmicoccus brevipes 153 INDONE
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TRINIDAD USA 4.9 Dysmicoccus brevip
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei India 20°
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Biology 4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 15
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 161 tissue
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Host plants 4.10 Hypothenemus hampe
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 165 the en
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 167 remain
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Table 4.10.1 (contÕd) Natural enem
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Asia 4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 171 C
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Table 4.10.2 (contÕd) Introduction
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 175 relati
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 177 to 30%
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 179 P. nas
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 181 Planta
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 183 Asian
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Table 4.11.1 Development times, and
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Table 4.11.2 Natural enemies of Leu
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4.12 Nezara viridula India Myanmar
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Biology Damage 4.12 Nezara viridula
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4.12 Nezara viridula 201 which cons
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Table 4.12.1 (contÕd) Parasitoids
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4.12 Nezara viridula 209 attracted
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Table 4.12.2 Introductions for the
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4.12 Nezara viridula 217 Doubt has
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4.12 Nezara viridula 219 Africa and
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BRAZIL 4.12 Nezara viridula 221 par
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4.12 Nezara viridula 223 parasitisa
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4.12 Nezara viridula 225 Anastatus
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THAILAND TONGA USA VANUATU 4.12 Nez
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4.12 Nezara viridula 229 Gryon sp.
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4.12 Nezara viridula 231 reproducti
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4.12 Nezara viridula 233 Ectophasio
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4.13 Ophiomyia phaseoli India Myanm
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Biology Host plants 4.13 Ophiomyia
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Natural enemies 4.13 Ophiomyia phas
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EGYPT ETHIOPIA 4.13 Ophiomyia phase
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4.13 Ophiomyia phaseoli 247 Three a
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Attempts at biological control 4.13
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The more important parasitoids 4.13
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4.13 Ophiomyia phaseoli 253 its hos
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Comment 4.13 Ophiomyia phaseoli 255
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The Major Invertebrate Pests and We
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4.15 Planococcus citri India 20° M
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Biology Host plants 4.15 Planococcu
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Table 4.15.1 Predators of Planococc
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Table 4.15.1 (contÕd) Predators of
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Table 4.15.1 (contÕd) Predators of
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Table 4.15.2 Parasitoids of Planoco
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4.15 Planococcus citri 299 The ency
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BRAZIL CHILE CHINA CUBA CYPRUS FRAN
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ISRAEL 4.15 Planococcus citri 303 R
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4.15 Planococcus citri 305 When the
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Table 4.15.4 Introductions for the
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Biology of important natural enemie
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4.15 Planococcus citri 313 Diomus p
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Comments 4.15 Planococcus citri 315
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni India 20° Mya
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Host plants 4.16 Trichoplusia ni 31
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 321 describing
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Table 4.16.2 (contÕd) Some predato
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Table 4.16.2 (contÕd) Some predato
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 335 Introducti
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 337 Table 4.16
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Table 4.16.6 Natural enemies of Tri
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 341 It was sug
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 343 13.85 days
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 345 Voria rura
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 347 when 2nd o
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5 References 349 Abasa, R.O. 1975.
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References 351 Alfaro, F., Garcia-M
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References 353 Argyriou, L.C. 1970.
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References 355 Ayoub, M.A. 1960. Ph
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References 357 Barrera, J.F., Gomez
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References 359 Beattie, G.A.C. and
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References 361 Berkani, A. 1995. Re
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References 363 Boling, J.C. and Pit
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References 365 Brun, L.O., Marcilla
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References 367 Cantrell, B.K. 1984.
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References 369 Cenda-a, S.M., Gabri
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References 371 Chien, C.C., Chu, Y.
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References 373 CIE 1985. Distributi
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References 375 Compere, H. 1939. Me
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References 377 Crouzel, I.S. and Sa
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References 379 De Oliveira Filho, M
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References 381 Ding, Y., Li, M. and
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References 383 Elliott, N.C., Frenc
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References 385 Ferreira, A.J. and B
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References 387 Foerster, L.A., Quei
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References 389 Garcia, A. and Barri
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References 391 Godin, C. and Boivin
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References 395 Hayat, M. and Lin, K
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References 431 Panis, A. 1977. Pseu
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References 439 Roepke, W. 1912. On
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References 443 Schlinger, E.I. and
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References 445 Shi, D.S. 1984. Stud
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References 447 Singh, R. and Bhatt,
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References 449 Sinha, T.B. and Sing
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References 451 Soldevila, A.I. and
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References 453 Starù, P. and Ghosh
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References 455 Steinkraus, D.C., Sl
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References 457 Swezey, O.H. 1931. R
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References 459 Tewari, G.C. and Sar
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