Biological Control of Insect Pests: Southeast Asian Prospects - EcoPort

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18 Biological Control of Insect Pests: Southeast Asian Prospects Anomis flava (Fabricius) Rating Origin Distribution Biology Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Ophiderinae cotton semi looper, green semi looper, okra semi looper Synonyms: Cosmophila flava, Cosmophila indica. Cosmophila is now regarded as a subgenus of Anomis. A. flava does not occur in the Americas, where its equivalent is Anomis ( Cosmophila) erosa (Pearson 1958). Records of A. erosa in the Asian continent should be referred to A. flava. Southeast Asia Southern China Pacific +++ Viet 10 ++ Msia ++ + Thai, Camb, Indo P Myan, Laos, Phil present, but not important Unclear: could be Africa or Asia. Information available on specific or reasonably specific parasitoids possibly favours Africa. Africa: Central and southern countries, including Angola, Benin, Cameroun, Chad, Congo, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritius, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Upper Volta, Zambia, Zimbabwe. Asia: Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. Australasia and Pacific Islands: Australia, Cook Is, Fiji, Mariana Is, Marquesas, New Caledonia, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Is., Tonga, Vanuatu (CIE 1978), Rapa Is, Hawaii (Common 1990). Most A. flava eggs are laid on the undersurface of leaves, the young larvae are green, those of the last instar measure up to 35 mm in length and bear short, lighter-green longitudinal lines and spots. Young larvae skeletonise leaves, older larvae consume narrow leaf (roselle) cotton leaves and eat irregular holes in broader leaves. Larval survival and growth are greater on
Host plants Damage 4.2 Anomis flava hirsutum than on desi cotton (Sidhu and Dhawan 1979; Kalshoven 1981). Pupation occurs in a cocoon spun between leaves. Development times have been recorded on a number of occasions (for examples see Table 4.2.1, also Schmitz 1968; Yu and Tu 1969), egg to adult taking about 3 weeks or a little longer and the number of eggs laid ranging from 158 to 476, depending, in part, upon the larval food plant. Groups of larvae normally pass through 5 moults whereas, when reared singly, up to 22% pass through 6 moults (Kirkpatrick 1963; Essien and Odebiyi 1991). There are 5 overlapping generations a year in Hunan Province, China, but fewer in some other regions (Chen et al. 1991). Adults rest in foliage by day and are active in the evening: they are attracted to light. A. flava is a major, but sporadic, pest of cotton. Larvae also attack many other plants, mainly in the family Malvaceae. These include, especially, okra ( Hibiscus esculentus), but also kenaf or Deccan hemp ( H. cannabinus), jute ( H. sabadariffa), bele ( H. manihot), muskmallow an important medicinal plant ( H. abelmoschus), shooflower ( H. rosa-sinensis), hollyhock ( Althaea rosea), Arbutilon spp., Sida spp. and Urena spp. (all Malvaceae). However they also attack tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum: Solanaceae); cowpea ( Vigna unguiculata) and green gram ( Vigna radiata): Fabaceae; sweet potato ( Ipomoea batatas): Convolvulaceae; as well as melon ( Citrullus lanatus), Macadamia, Ricinus, Leea and Amaranthus spp. (Kalshoven 1981; Yein and Singh 1981; Croix and Thindwa 1986; Gatoria and Singh 1988; Essien and Odebiyi 1991). Okra and hemp (kenaf) were the most favoured larval food plants, whereas cotton and okra were the most favourable in terms of pupal weight and adult fecundity (Rao and Patel 1973). When abundant, A. flava larvae are capable of causing serious damage by destroying the leaves and buds of cotton and other Malvaceous crops. A. flava belongs to the subfamily Ophiderinae of noctuids, the adults of which are often fruit-piercing species. In southern China, A. flava is reported to be a serious pest of citrus fruit (Li et al. 1997) and, in Korea, A. flava is one of a group of fruit-sucking moths observed to damage grapes and pears (Lee et al. 1970). 19
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Diptera 4.4 Aphis gossypii 79 insta
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 81 probing) of s
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 83 open fields w
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Table 4.5.1 Insect predators of Cos
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Table 4.5.1 (contÕd) Insect predat
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Table 4.5.2 Introductions for the b
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Table 4.5.2 (contÕd) Introductions
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Table 4.7.3 (contÕd) Natural enemi
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Table 4.7.4 (contÕd) Hyperparasito
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Table 4.7.5 (contÕd) Hyperparsitoi
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4.9 Dysmicoccus brevipes India 20°
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Biology 4.9 Dysmicoccus brevipes 14
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Natural enemies 4.9 Dysmicoccus bre
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Table 4.9.1 (contÕd) Natural enemi
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Table 4.9.2 Introductions for the b
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Table 4.9.2 (contÕd) Introductions
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4.9 Dysmicoccus brevipes 153 INDONE
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TRINIDAD USA 4.9 Dysmicoccus brevip
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei India 20°
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Biology 4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 15
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 161 tissue
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Host plants 4.10 Hypothenemus hampe
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 165 the en
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 167 remain
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Table 4.10.1 (contÕd) Natural enem
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Asia 4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 171 C
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Table 4.10.2 (contÕd) Introduction
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 175 relati
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 177 to 30%
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 179 P. nas
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 181 Planta
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 183 Asian
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Table 4.11.1 Development times, and
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Table 4.11.2 Natural enemies of Leu
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4.12 Nezara viridula India Myanmar
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Biology Damage 4.12 Nezara viridula
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4.12 Nezara viridula 201 which cons
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Table 4.12.1 (contÕd) Parasitoids
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4.12 Nezara viridula 209 attracted
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Table 4.12.2 Introductions for the
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4.12 Nezara viridula 217 Doubt has
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4.12 Nezara viridula 219 Africa and
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BRAZIL 4.12 Nezara viridula 221 par
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4.12 Nezara viridula 223 parasitisa
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4.12 Nezara viridula 225 Anastatus
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THAILAND TONGA USA VANUATU 4.12 Nez
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4.12 Nezara viridula 229 Gryon sp.
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4.12 Nezara viridula 231 reproducti
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4.12 Nezara viridula 233 Ectophasio
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4.13 Ophiomyia phaseoli India Myanm
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Biology Host plants 4.13 Ophiomyia
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Natural enemies 4.13 Ophiomyia phas
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EGYPT ETHIOPIA 4.13 Ophiomyia phase
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4.13 Ophiomyia phaseoli 247 Three a
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Attempts at biological control 4.13
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The more important parasitoids 4.13
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4.13 Ophiomyia phaseoli 253 its hos
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Comment 4.13 Ophiomyia phaseoli 255
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The Major Invertebrate Pests and We
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4.15 Planococcus citri India 20° M
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Biology Host plants 4.15 Planococcu
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Table 4.15.1 Predators of Planococc
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Table 4.15.1 (contÕd) Predators of
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Table 4.15.1 (contÕd) Predators of
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Table 4.15.2 Parasitoids of Planoco
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4.15 Planococcus citri 299 The ency
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BRAZIL CHILE CHINA CUBA CYPRUS FRAN
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ISRAEL 4.15 Planococcus citri 303 R
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4.15 Planococcus citri 305 When the
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Table 4.15.4 Introductions for the
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Biology of important natural enemie
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4.15 Planococcus citri 313 Diomus p
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Comments 4.15 Planococcus citri 315
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni India 20° Mya
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Host plants 4.16 Trichoplusia ni 31
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 321 describing
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Table 4.16.2 (contÕd) Some predato
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 335 Introducti
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 337 Table 4.16
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Table 4.16.6 Natural enemies of Tri
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 341 It was sug
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 343 13.85 days
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 345 Voria rura
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 347 when 2nd o
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5 References 349 Abasa, R.O. 1975.
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References 351 Alfaro, F., Garcia-M
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References 353 Argyriou, L.C. 1970.
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References 355 Ayoub, M.A. 1960. Ph
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References 357 Barrera, J.F., Gomez
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References 359 Beattie, G.A.C. and
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References 361 Berkani, A. 1995. Re
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References 363 Boling, J.C. and Pit
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References 369 Cenda-a, S.M., Gabri
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References 371 Chien, C.C., Chu, Y.
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References 373 CIE 1985. Distributi
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References 375 Compere, H. 1939. Me
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References 377 Crouzel, I.S. and Sa
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References 381 Ding, Y., Li, M. and
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References 383 Elliott, N.C., Frenc
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References 385 Ferreira, A.J. and B
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References 387 Foerster, L.A., Quei
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