Biological Control of Insect Pests: Southeast Asian Prospects - EcoPort

More documents

Recommendations

Info

156 Biological Control of Insect Pests: Southeast Asian Prospects was possibly due to its requirement for large numbers of hosts, since 7 larvae consumed over 100 medium to large sized hosts during the last half of their larval lives. In Guatemala it is highly parasitised by two species of chalcidid wasps. Carter (1935) regarded it as a promising species for biological control. Vincentodiplosis pseudococci Dipt.: Cecidomyiidae This midge is native to Mexico and was established in Hawaii in 1950. In neglected, weedy pineapple plantations in Hawaii, where the ant Pheidole sp. was less reliant on mealybug honeydew, the midge was sufficiently effective in controlling D. brevipes as to almost completely eliminate the mealybug from the fruit. Many fruit were covered with the old webs produced by midge larvae, but there were no live mealybugs. The midge is rarely found on leaves, but its larvae are commonly found attacking large mealybugs at the base of the fruit (Carter 1935, 1944). Comments It is very likely that D. brevipes evolved in South and/or Central America and there is, therefore, a prima facie case to consider it as a candidate for classical biological control in Southeast Asia and the Pacific. Indeed, there are 2 parasitoid species (Anagyrus ananatis and Hambletonia pseudococcina: both Eulophidae) and 2 predator species (Vicentodiplosis pseudococci: Cecidomyiidae and Pseudiasta nebulosa: Diastadidae) that are capable of reducing the mealybug to subeconomic levels. However, when any one or more of a number of ant species attends the mealybug it is largely protected from natural enemies and is able to build up to damaging numbers. In the absence of both ants and natural enemies the unharvested honeydew it produces leads to heavy growth of sooty moulds and there is transmission of pineapple mealybug wilt. Since apparently suitable natural enemies are available for introduction, the key to D. brevipes control is to deal with the attendant ants. There are several ant baits that have been used successfully for this purpose, but these are no longer registered for use in USA and, hence, cannot be recommended. No doubt suitable replacements will soon emerge. When extensive plantings of pineapples are made on areas where the soil has been worked to kill weeds, very few ant colonies survive. Recolonisation of the planted area occurs as colonies move along the rows towards the centre of the crop. One cultural method recommended to delay this spread is to plant several peripheral rows parallel to each boundary. Ants will then move along these, rather than into the crop and control measures can be concentrated on these rows (Rohrback et al. 1988). Promising results obtained with the integrated management of D. brevipes in Hawaii suggest that it would be well worth exploring similar methods elsewhere.
4.10 Hypothenemus hampei India 20° 0° 20° Myanmar Laos + China Thailand + Cambodia P Vietnam ++ + ++ Brunei Malaysia Singapore ++ Indonesia Taiwan +++ Philippines Australia P Papua New Guinea 157 Hypothenemus hampei is native to Central Africa but has spread to most coffee producing countries in Central and South America, to Southeast Asia and to several Pacific countries. Significant coffee-growing areas not yet infested are Hawaii, Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu and Solomon Islands. It is a pest exclusively of coffee berries and does not damage the vegetative parts. It is difficult to control with chemicals and, although plantation management methods can reduce damage, the coffee berry borer remains an important pest. The most important natural enemies appear to be 3 parasitic wasps native to Africa, Cephalonomia stephanoderis, Phymastichus coffea and Prorops nasuta. The last of these has been established in Brazil and Colombia without its own natural enemies, but has not so far produced spectacular results. C. stephanoderis has been established recently in Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico and New Caledonia, but it is too early to evaluate its impact. Phymastichus coffea has not yet been established anywhere, but this is foreshadowed in Colombia. The fungus Beauveria bassiana shows early promise. A thorough study is in progress of the interactions of the parasites and other natural enemies of H. hampei and the influence on them of various components of the environment. Optimism has been expressed about the outcome of this program. 20° 0° 20°
Page 1 and 2:
Biological Control of Insect Pests:
Page 3 and 4:
ii The Australian Centre for Intern
Page 5 and 6:
iv 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 Natural enem
Page 7 and 8:
vi 4.14 4.15 4.16 Phyllocnistis cit
Page 9 and 10:
1 Abstract Introduction 1 Biologica
Page 11 and 12:
3 Introduction Introduction 3 Water
Page 13 and 14:
Figure 1. Introduction 5 integratio
Page 15:
Introduction 7 necessary those used
Page 18 and 19:
10 Biological Control of Insect Pes
Page 20 and 21:
Table 4.1.1 Natural enemies of Agri
Page 22 and 23:
Page 24 and 25:
Page 26 and 27:
Page 28 and 29:
Table 4.2.1 Average figures (days)
Page 30 and 31:
Table 4.2.2 Natural enemies of Anom
Page 32 and 33:
Table 4.2.2 (contÕd) Natural enemi
Page 34 and 35:
Table 4.2.2 (contÕd) Natural enemi
Page 36 and 37:
Page 38 and 39:
Page 41 and 42:
Table 3 Order No. of +s 26 1. 41 2.
Page 43 and 44:
4.4 Aphis gossypii India Myanmar ++
Page 45 and 46:
Host plants Damage 4.4 Aphis gossyp
Page 47 and 48:
4.4 Aphis gossypii the abundance of
Page 49 and 50:
Table 4.4.1 (contÕd) HYMENOPTERA A
Page 51 and 52:
Table 4.4.1 (contÕd) HYMENOPTERA A
Page 53 and 54:
Table 4.4.1 (contÕd) Parasitoids o
Page 55 and 56:
Table 4.4.1 (contÕd) Parasitoids o
Page 57 and 58:
4.4 Aphis gossypii 59 Under humid c
Page 59 and 60:
Table 4.4.3 Releases for the biolog
Page 61 and 62:
4.4 Aphis gossypii 63 that the lyco
Page 63 and 64:
IRAQ ISRAEL 4.4 Aphis gossypii 65 d
Page 65 and 66:
4.4 Aphis gossypii 67 Lysiphlebus t
Page 67 and 68:
USA USSR 4.4 Aphis gossypii 69 Lysi
Page 69 and 70:
4.4 Aphis gossypii 71 the posterior
Page 71 and 72:
4.4 Aphis gossypii 73 Aphidius cole
Page 73 and 74:
4.4 Aphis gossypii 75 Ephedrus plag
Page 75 and 76:
4.4 Aphis gossypii 77 as attacking
Page 77 and 78:
Diptera 4.4 Aphis gossypii 79 insta
Page 79 and 80:
4.4 Aphis gossypii 81 probing) of s
Page 81:
4.4 Aphis gossypii 83 open fields w
Page 84 and 85:
Page 86 and 87:
Page 88 and 89:
Table 4.5.1 Insect predators of Cos
Page 90 and 91:
Table 4.5.1 (contÕd) Insect predat
Page 92 and 93:
Page 94 and 95:
Table 4.5.2 Introductions for the b
Page 96 and 97:
Table 4.5.2 (contÕd) Introductions
Page 98 and 99:
100 Biological Control of Insect Pe
Page 100 and 101:
Page 102 and 103:
Page 104 and 105: 106 Biological Control of Insect Pe
Page 116 and 117: Table 4.7.2 (contÕd) Diaphorina ci
Page 120 and 121: Table 4.7.3 (contÕd) Natural enemi
Page 122 and 123: Table 4.7.4 (contÕd) Hyperparasito
Page 124 and 125: Table 4.7.5 (contÕd) Hyperparsitoi
Page 139 and 140: 4.9 Dysmicoccus brevipes India 20°
Page 141 and 142: Biology 4.9 Dysmicoccus brevipes 14
Page 143 and 144: Natural enemies 4.9 Dysmicoccus bre
Page 145 and 146: Table 4.9.1 (contÕd) Natural enemi
Page 147 and 148: Table 4.9.2 Introductions for the b
Page 149 and 150: Table 4.9.2 (contÕd) Introductions
Page 151 and 152: 4.9 Dysmicoccus brevipes 153 INDONE
Page 153: TRINIDAD USA 4.9 Dysmicoccus brevip
Page 157 and 158: Biology 4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 15
Page 159 and 160: 4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 161 tissue
Page 161 and 162: Host plants 4.10 Hypothenemus hampe
Page 163 and 164: 4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 165 the en
Page 165 and 166: 4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 167 remain
Page 167 and 168: Table 4.10.1 (contÕd) Natural enem
Page 169 and 170: Asia 4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 171 C
Page 171 and 172: Table 4.10.2 (contÕd) Introduction
Page 173 and 174: 4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 175 relati
Page 175 and 176: 4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 177 to 30%
Page 177 and 178: 4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 179 P. nas
Page 179 and 180: 4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 181 Planta
Page 181: 4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 183 Asian
Page 186 and 187: Table 4.11.1 Development times, and
Page 188 and 189: Table 4.11.2 Natural enemies of Leu
Page 195 and 196: 4.12 Nezara viridula India Myanmar
Page 197 and 198: Biology Damage 4.12 Nezara viridula
Page 199 and 200: 4.12 Nezara viridula 201 which cons
Page 201 and 202: Table 4.12.1 (contÕd) Parasitoids
Page 203 and 204: Table 4.12.1 (contÕd) Parasitoids
Page 205 and 206:
Table 4.12.1 (contÕd) Parasitoids
Page 207 and 208:
4.12 Nezara viridula 209 attracted
Page 209 and 210:
Table 4.12.2 Introductions for the
Page 211 and 212:
Table 4.12.2 (contÕd) Introduction
Page 213 and 214:
Page 215 and 216:
4.12 Nezara viridula 217 Doubt has
Page 217 and 218:
4.12 Nezara viridula 219 Africa and
Page 219 and 220:
BRAZIL 4.12 Nezara viridula 221 par
Page 221 and 222:
4.12 Nezara viridula 223 parasitisa
Page 223 and 224:
4.12 Nezara viridula 225 Anastatus
Page 225 and 226:
THAILAND TONGA USA VANUATU 4.12 Nez
Page 227 and 228:
4.12 Nezara viridula 229 Gryon sp.
Page 229 and 230:
4.12 Nezara viridula 231 reproducti
Page 231 and 232:
4.12 Nezara viridula 233 Ectophasio
Page 233 and 234:
4.13 Ophiomyia phaseoli India Myanm
Page 235 and 236:
Biology Host plants 4.13 Ophiomyia
Page 237 and 238:
Natural enemies 4.13 Ophiomyia phas
Page 239 and 240:
Table 4.13.1 (contÕd) Natural enem
Page 241 and 242:
Table 4.13.1 (contÕd) Natural enem
Page 243 and 244:
EGYPT ETHIOPIA 4.13 Ophiomyia phase
Page 245 and 246:
4.13 Ophiomyia phaseoli 247 Three a
Page 247 and 248:
Attempts at biological control 4.13
Page 249 and 250:
The more important parasitoids 4.13
Page 251 and 252:
4.13 Ophiomyia phaseoli 253 its hos
Page 253:
Comment 4.13 Ophiomyia phaseoli 255
Page 256 and 257:
The Major Invertebrate Pests and We
Page 258 and 259:
Page 260 and 261:
Page 262 and 263:
4.15 Planococcus citri India 20° M
Page 264 and 265:
Biology Host plants 4.15 Planococcu
Page 266 and 267:
Table 4.15.1 Predators of Planococc
Page 268 and 269:
Table 4.15.1 (contÕd) Predators of
Page 270 and 271:
Table 4.15.1 (contÕd) Predators of
Page 272 and 273:
Table 4.15.2 Parasitoids of Planoco
Page 274 and 275:
4.15 Planococcus citri 299 The ency
Page 276 and 277:
BRAZIL CHILE CHINA CUBA CYPRUS FRAN
Page 278 and 279:
ISRAEL 4.15 Planococcus citri 303 R
Page 280 and 281:
4.15 Planococcus citri 305 When the
Page 282 and 283:
Table 4.15.4 Introductions for the
Page 284 and 285:
Page 286 and 287:
Biology of important natural enemie
Page 288 and 289:
4.15 Planococcus citri 313 Diomus p
Page 290 and 291:
Comments 4.15 Planococcus citri 315
Page 292 and 293:
4.16 Trichoplusia ni India 20° Mya
Page 294 and 295:
Host plants 4.16 Trichoplusia ni 31
Page 296 and 297:
4.16 Trichoplusia ni 321 describing
Page 298 and 299:
Page 300 and 301:
Page 302 and 303:
Page 304 and 305:
Page 306 and 307:
Table 4.16.2 (contÕd) Some predato
Page 308 and 309:
Table 4.16.2 (contÕd) Some predato
Page 310 and 311:
4.16 Trichoplusia ni 335 Introducti
Page 312 and 313:
4.16 Trichoplusia ni 337 Table 4.16
Page 314 and 315:
Table 4.16.6 Natural enemies of Tri
Page 316 and 317:
4.16 Trichoplusia ni 341 It was sug
Page 318 and 319:
4.16 Trichoplusia ni 343 13.85 days
Page 320 and 321:
4.16 Trichoplusia ni 345 Voria rura
Page 322 and 323:
4.16 Trichoplusia ni 347 when 2nd o
Page 324 and 325:
5 References 349 Abasa, R.O. 1975.
Page 326 and 327:
References 351 Alfaro, F., Garcia-M
Page 328 and 329:
References 353 Argyriou, L.C. 1970.
Page 330 and 331:
References 355 Ayoub, M.A. 1960. Ph
Page 332 and 333:
References 357 Barrera, J.F., Gomez
Page 334 and 335:
References 359 Beattie, G.A.C. and
Page 336 and 337:
References 361 Berkani, A. 1995. Re
Page 338 and 339:
References 363 Boling, J.C. and Pit
Page 340 and 341:
References 365 Brun, L.O., Marcilla
Page 342 and 343:
References 367 Cantrell, B.K. 1984.
Page 344 and 345:
References 369 Cenda-a, S.M., Gabri
Page 346 and 347:
References 371 Chien, C.C., Chu, Y.
Page 348 and 349:
References 373 CIE 1985. Distributi
Page 350 and 351:
References 375 Compere, H. 1939. Me
Page 352 and 353:
References 377 Crouzel, I.S. and Sa
Page 354 and 355:
References 379 De Oliveira Filho, M
Page 356 and 357:
References 381 Ding, Y., Li, M. and
Page 358 and 359:
References 383 Elliott, N.C., Frenc
Page 360 and 361:
References 385 Ferreira, A.J. and B
Page 362 and 363:
References 387 Foerster, L.A., Quei
Page 364 and 365:
References 389 Garcia, A. and Barri
Page 366 and 367:
References 391 Godin, C. and Boivin
Page 368 and 369:
References 393 Guido, A.S. and Ruff
Page 370 and 371:
References 395 Hayat, M. and Lin, K
Page 372 and 373:
References 397 Hofmaster, R.N. 1961
Page 374 and 375:
References 399 Huo, S.T., Wei, Z.G.
Page 376 and 377:
References 401 Jackson, C.G., Neema
Page 378 and 379:
References 403 Jones, W.A. 1979. Th
Page 380 and 381:
References 405 Kester, K.M., Smith,
Page 382 and 383:
References 407 Komazaki, S. 1993. B
Page 384 and 385:
References 409 Kushida, T., Katagir
Page 386 and 387:
References 411 Lee, S.C., Yoo, J.K.
Page 388 and 389:
References 413 Liljesthršm, G.G. 1
Page 390 and 391:
References 415 Lo, K.C. and Chiu, S
Page 392 and 393:
References 417 Manjunath, T.M. 1972
Page 394 and 395:
References 419 McCutcheon, G.S. and
Page 396 and 397:
References 421 Michael, P.J. 1981.
Page 398 and 399:
References 423 Moreira, G.R.P. and
Page 400 and 401:
References 425 Nakahara, M. and Kai
Page 402 and 403:
References 427 Nixon, G.E.J. 1937.
Page 404 and 405:
References 429 Oncuer, C. and Bayha
Page 406 and 407:
References 431 Panis, A. 1977. Pseu
Page 408 and 409:
References 433 Pe-a, J.E., Gilbin-D
Page 410 and 411:
References 435 Prinsloo, G.L. 1985.
Page 412 and 413:
References 437 Reddy, K.B. and Bhat
Page 414 and 415:
References 439 Roepke, W. 1912. On
Page 416 and 417:
References 441 Saha, J.L. and Agarw
Page 418 and 419:
References 443 Schlinger, E.I. and
Page 420 and 421:
References 445 Shi, D.S. 1984. Stud
Page 422 and 423:
References 447 Singh, R. and Bhatt,
Page 424 and 425:
References 449 Sinha, T.B. and Sing
Page 426 and 427:
References 451 Soldevila, A.I. and
Page 428 and 429:
References 453 Starù, P. and Ghosh
Page 430 and 431:
References 455 Steinkraus, D.C., Sl
Page 432 and 433:
References 457 Swezey, O.H. 1931. R
Page 434 and 435:
References 459 Tewari, G.C. and Sar
Page 436 and 437:
References 461 Tranfaglia, A. 1979.
Page 438 and 439:
References 463 Ujiye, T. 1990. Stud
Page 440 and 441:
References 465 van Steenis, M.J. 19
Page 442 and 443:
References 467 Vinson, S.B. and Sto
Page 444 and 445:
References 469 Waterston, J. 1915.
Page 446 and 447:
References 471 Wilson, C.G. 1991. N
Page 448 and 449:
References 473 Xu, C.F., Xia, Y.H.,
Page 450:
References 475 Zhang, X.L. 1987. Pr
Page 453 and 454:
Page 455 and 456:
Page 457 and 458:
Page 459 and 460:
Page 461 and 462:
Page 463 and 464:
Page 465 and 466:
Page 467 and 468:
Page 469 and 470:
Page 471 and 472:
Page 473 and 474:
Page 475 and 476:
Page 477 and 478:
Page 479 and 480:
Page 481 and 482:
Page 483 and 484:
Page 485 and 486:
Page 487 and 488:
Page 489 and 490:
Page 491 and 492:
Page 493 and 494:
Page 495 and 496:
Page 497 and 498:
Page 499 and 500:
Page 501 and 502:
Page 503 and 504:
Page 505 and 506:
Page 507 and 508:
Page 509 and 510:
Page 511 and 512:
Page 513 and 514:
Page 515 and 516:
Page 517 and 518:
Page 519 and 520:
Page 521 and 522:
Page 523:
show all

Biological Control of Insect Pests: Southeast Asian Prospects - EcoPort

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?