Biological Control of Insect Pests: Southeast Asian Prospects - EcoPort

252 Biological Control of Insect Pests: Southeast Asian Prospects
Two samples in August revealed parasitisation levels of 5.9% and 7.5%
(Burikam 1978).
Halticoptera ?circulus Hym.: Pteromalidae
This is a widespread primary parasitoid of agromyzid leafminers in many
parts of the world. It was recorded as very rare (² 10% parasitisation) on
bean fly in Ethiopia (Abate 1991).
Hemiptarsenus varicornis (= Neodimmockia agromyzae and
probably = Hemiptarsenus semialbicornis) Hym.: Eulophidae
This is a very widespread parasitoid of dipterous leaf miners, including
O. phaseoli and Liriomyza sativae. It occurs throughout tropical and
southern temperate countries of the eastern hemisphere. In Australia it is
common in many places along the eastern and southeastern coast. It also
occurs in New Zealand, New Caledonia, Fiji and Vanuatu; Malaysia, Sri
Lanka, India, Pakistan and Saudi Arabia; Senegal, Ghana, Sudan, Ethiopia,
Kenya and Tanzania (Bou‹ek 1988).
Meruana liriomyzae Hym.: Eulophidae
This species was recorded as rare (³10% parasitisation) on bean fly infesting
Crotalaria in Ethiopia (Abate 1991). It is also known from Liriomyza
brassicae in Mauritius, L. sativae in Mauritius and RŽunion, from L. trifolii
in Kenya, Chromatomyia horticola (= Phytomyza atricornis) in Ethiopia
and South Africa, and from unidentified hosts in Australia and Zimbabwe
(Bou‹ek 1988; Abate 1991).
Opius importatus Hym.: Braconidae
This species was first recorded from East Africa as Opius sp. by Greathead
(1975) and later described as O. importatus by Fischer (1971b). In nature, it
is known only from East Africa and only from Ophiomyia phaseoli. When
first taken between November 1967 and April 1968 it attained parasitisation
levels of 3% to 9% (Greathead 1969). However, later samples taken in
Uganda in 1971 contained nearly 50% of O. importatus (Greathead 1975).
The first instar larva was found in the third instar host larva and developed
rapidly once the host pupated. Adults, that are similar in appearance to dark
specimens of Opius phaseoli, emerge about 33 days after the appearance of
the host plant above the soil. O. importatus was inadvertently included in
shipments of Opius phaseoli to Hawaii, where it soon became the dominant
parasitoid of Ophiomyia phaseoli (Greathead 1975).
Opius phaseoli (= O. melanagromyzae) Hym.: Braconidae
O. phaseoli was originally described from the Philippines (Manila) without
a host by Ashmead (1904) as Eurytenes nanus. However, as this name was
preoccupied, it was redescribed as O. phaseoli by Fischer (1963), who listed