Biological Control of Insect Pests: Southeast Asian Prospects - EcoPort

66 Biological Control of Insect Pests: Southeast Asian Prospects
ITALY
A. gossypii in particular, but also A. craccivora, are two of the 10 aphid
species attacking citrus. Eleven species of aphidiine parasitoids provide a
considerable measure of biological control (Tremblay 1980). Lysiphlebus
testaceipes (particularly) and L. fabarum are the commonest species and
together may attain a parasitisation rate of 90% to 100%.
The most important predators are coccinellids, of which Scymnus spp.
are common amongst colonies of A. gossypii. Together with Coccinella
septempunctata and other natural enemies, they may quickly suppress a
cotton aphid population. Chrysopid, syrphid and cecidomyiid larvae are less
effective although, in the absence of coccinellid larvae, syrphid larvae may
be important. A. gossypii is under biological control on citrus in orchards
where pest management procedures are adopted (Barbagallo and Patti 1983;
Starù 1964). Recent papers on natural enemies of A. gossypii in Italy have
been published by Ferrari and Burgio (1994) and Ferrari & Nicoli (1994).
JAPAN
Amongst numerous predators reported on A. gossypii by many authors are
Coccinella septempunctata (Nozato and Abe 1988) and Scymnus hoffmanni
(Kawauchi 1987).
KOREA
The consumption of A. gossypii by larvae of the coccinellid Harmonia
axyridis was studied by Choi and Kim (1985).
Eight species of parasitoid (and 6 of hyperparasitoid) of A. craccivora
were reported by Chang and Youn (1983). The more important species (and
rates of parasitisation) were Lysiphlebus fabarum (31.6%), Lipolexis
scutellaris (18.8%), Lysiphlebia japonica (16.7%) and Adialytus salicaphis
(11.4%). Of 509 field collected, mummified aphids 44.8% produced
parasitoids and 43.8% hyperparasitoids giving an overall parasitisation rate
of 88.6%.
MALAYSIA
The only record of parasitoids of A. craccivora or A. gossypii appears to be
that of Ng and Starù (1986). Lipolexis scutellaris, an oriental species with a
wide distribution in India and extending to Vietnam, southern China and
Taiwan, was recorded from both aphid hosts. Trioxys communis, also an
oriental species, was rarely found, but only on another aphid species (Aphis
spiraecola). At least 3 unidentified species of aphelinids were bred and in
large numbers, but no other information on these is provided.
NETHERLANDS
A valuable review of the biological control of A. gossypii in glasshouses,
with special reference to the situation in the Netherlands, is provided by van
Steenis (1992). van Steenis (1995) evaluated 4 aphidiine parasitoids for
biological control of A. gossypii on glasshouse cucumbers. Aphidius
colemani performed the best (72 to 80% parasitisation), followed by