Biological Control of Insect Pests: Southeast Asian Prospects - EcoPort

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14 Biological Control of Insect Pests: Southeast Asian Prospects Attempts at classical biological control CHINA GUAM INDIA A species of Trichogramma, possibly T. australicum, (Nagarkatti 1973), has been imported on two occasions (Table 4.1.2) to attack the eggs of pest Lepidoptera, including Agrius convolvuli, but the resulting impact on populations of the sweet potato hawk moth is not recorded. Table 4.1.2 Attempts at classical biological control of A. convolvuli Species From To Year Result Reference HYMENOPTERA TRICHOGRAMMATIDAE Trichogramma ?australicum Trichogramma ?australicum USA Indonesia before 1929 + Leefmans 1929; Nagarkatti 1973 Philippines Japan 1929 + Shibuya & Yamashita 1936; Nagarkatti 1973 In Fujian Province, A. convolvuli larvae were parasitised by Charops bicolor (Ichneumonidae), Apanteles spp. (Braconidae) and eulophid wasps (Wu 1983). A. convolvuli is a minor pest of sweet potato on Guam. When sweet potato was intercropped with maize, A. convolvuli eggs were parasitised to the extent of 70 to 100% by Trichogramma chilonis. This parasitoid attacks the eggs of a range of sphingids and noctuids, including Ostrinia furnacalis, less than 20% of whose eggs on maize were parasitised. A. convolvuli colonises new sweet potato plantings as soon as cuttings strike and, by the 4th week, 30 to 60% of its eggs are parasitised. Each large egg produces 13± 7 parasitoids, which emerge about 10 days after the host egg is parasitised. It was concluded that T. chilonis is a major mortality factor for the sweet potato hornworm (Nafus and Schreiner 1986). A. convolvuli is an occasional pest of sweet potato, Vigna mungo and Vigna radiata. Eggs are also laid on the leaves of Colocasia antiquorum and Clerodendrum chinense, but no significant feeding occurs on these latter plants. Four species of parasitoid attack the eggs of A. convolvuli near Bangalore: Trichogramma australicum, T. achaeae, T. agriae and a species of Telenomus (Eulophidae). The abundance of each parasitoid varied with the plant species on which the eggs were laid. T. agriae was the commonest species in eggs collected on Colocasia, followed by T. achaeae and
4.1 Agrius convolvuli 15 Telenomus sp., up to a total of 43.6%. T. australicum, followed by Telenomus sp., were the main species emerging from eggs on Clerodendrum, up to a total of 63.9%. At no time were T. achaeae or T. agriae reared from eggs on Clerodendrum. Furthermore, T. australicum was reared only twice from Agrius eggs on Colocasia. These results highlight the difficulty of reaching decisions on host specificity on the basis of laboratory trials in a non-natural environment. Up to 49 Trichogramma individuals were reared from a single A. convolvuli egg and only in two instances were more than 1 species reared from a single egg. These were 7 T. agriae and 4 T. australicum on one occasion and 7 T. achaeae and 11 T. australicum in the second. Eggs parasitised by Telenomus sp. usually produced 3 to 5 adults and at no time did a Trichogramma emerge from the same egg as a Telenomus (Nagarkatti 1973). Later, an additional parasitoid (Trichogramma confusum) was recorded from the eggs of A. convolvuli on Clerodendrum chinense (Nagarkatti and Nagaraja 1978). Nagarkatti (1973) suggested that the 4 former species might be introduced where A. convolvuli is a pest and where they do not already occur. INDONESIA Leefmans (1929) reported the parasitisation of A. convolvuli eggs by Trichogramma minutum imported from America. However, Nagarkatti (1973) suggests that, from the distribution of T. minutum at that time, it must have been T. australicum or some other species of Trichogramma. IRELAND An adult A. convolvuli produced, soon after capture, many small puparia, from which 76 Megaselia rufipes (Diptera, Phoridae) emerged (Flemying 1918). JAPAN A species of Trichogramma that parasitises the eggs of Chilo suppressalis (= C. simplex) was imported in 1929 from the Philippines. It was shown to parasitise also the eggs of A. convolvuli and 10 other species of Lepidoptera belonging to several families (Shibuya and Yamashita 1936). Nagarkatti (1973) suggests that the species was Trichogramma australicum. OMAN Adults of the tachinid Zygobothria ciliata emerged from puparia from a larva collected on Ipomoea (Whitcombe and Erzinclioglu 1989).
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Page 9 and 10: 1 Abstract Introduction 1 Biologica
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 75 Ephedrus plag
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 77 as attacking
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Diptera 4.4 Aphis gossypii 79 insta
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 81 probing) of s
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 83 open fields w
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86 Biological Control of Insect Pes
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Table 4.5.1 Insect predators of Cos
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Table 4.5.1 (contÕd) Insect predat
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Table 4.5.2 Introductions for the b
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Table 4.5.2 (contÕd) Introductions
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100 Biological Control of Insect Pe
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Table 4.7.2 (contÕd) Diaphorina ci
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Table 4.7.3 (contÕd) Natural enemi
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Table 4.7.4 (contÕd) Hyperparasito
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Table 4.7.5 (contÕd) Hyperparsitoi
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4.9 Dysmicoccus brevipes India 20°
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Biology 4.9 Dysmicoccus brevipes 14
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Natural enemies 4.9 Dysmicoccus bre
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Table 4.9.1 (contÕd) Natural enemi
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Table 4.9.2 Introductions for the b
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Table 4.9.2 (contÕd) Introductions
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4.9 Dysmicoccus brevipes 153 INDONE
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TRINIDAD USA 4.9 Dysmicoccus brevip
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei India 20°
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Biology 4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 15
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 161 tissue
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Host plants 4.10 Hypothenemus hampe
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 165 the en
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 167 remain
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Table 4.10.1 (contÕd) Natural enem
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Asia 4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 171 C
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Table 4.10.2 (contÕd) Introduction
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 175 relati
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 177 to 30%
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 179 P. nas
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 181 Planta
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 183 Asian
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Table 4.11.1 Development times, and
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Table 4.11.2 Natural enemies of Leu
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4.12 Nezara viridula India Myanmar
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Biology Damage 4.12 Nezara viridula
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4.12 Nezara viridula 201 which cons
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Table 4.12.1 (contÕd) Parasitoids
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4.12 Nezara viridula 209 attracted
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Table 4.12.2 Introductions for the
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4.12 Nezara viridula 217 Doubt has
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4.12 Nezara viridula 219 Africa and
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BRAZIL 4.12 Nezara viridula 221 par
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4.12 Nezara viridula 223 parasitisa
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4.12 Nezara viridula 225 Anastatus
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THAILAND TONGA USA VANUATU 4.12 Nez
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4.12 Nezara viridula 229 Gryon sp.
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4.12 Nezara viridula 231 reproducti
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4.12 Nezara viridula 233 Ectophasio
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4.13 Ophiomyia phaseoli India Myanm
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Biology Host plants 4.13 Ophiomyia
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Natural enemies 4.13 Ophiomyia phas
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EGYPT ETHIOPIA 4.13 Ophiomyia phase
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4.13 Ophiomyia phaseoli 247 Three a
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Attempts at biological control 4.13
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The more important parasitoids 4.13
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4.13 Ophiomyia phaseoli 253 its hos
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Comment 4.13 Ophiomyia phaseoli 255
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The Major Invertebrate Pests and We
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4.15 Planococcus citri India 20° M
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Biology Host plants 4.15 Planococcu
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Table 4.15.1 Predators of Planococc
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Table 4.15.1 (contÕd) Predators of
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Table 4.15.1 (contÕd) Predators of
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Table 4.15.2 Parasitoids of Planoco
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4.15 Planococcus citri 299 The ency
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BRAZIL CHILE CHINA CUBA CYPRUS FRAN
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ISRAEL 4.15 Planococcus citri 303 R
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4.15 Planococcus citri 305 When the
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Table 4.15.4 Introductions for the
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Biology of important natural enemie
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4.15 Planococcus citri 313 Diomus p
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Comments 4.15 Planococcus citri 315
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni India 20° Mya
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Host plants 4.16 Trichoplusia ni 31
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 321 describing
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Table 4.16.2 (contÕd) Some predato
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Table 4.16.2 (contÕd) Some predato
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 335 Introducti
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 337 Table 4.16
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Table 4.16.6 Natural enemies of Tri
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 341 It was sug
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 343 13.85 days
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 345 Voria rura
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 347 when 2nd o
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5 References 349 Abasa, R.O. 1975.
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References 351 Alfaro, F., Garcia-M
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References 353 Argyriou, L.C. 1970.
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References 359 Beattie, G.A.C. and
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References 361 Berkani, A. 1995. Re
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References 363 Boling, J.C. and Pit
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References 369 Cenda-a, S.M., Gabri
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References 385 Ferreira, A.J. and B
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References 439 Roepke, W. 1912. On
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References 449 Sinha, T.B. and Sing
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References 455 Steinkraus, D.C., Sl
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