Biological Control of Insect Pests: Southeast Asian Prospects - EcoPort

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236 Biological Control of Insect Pests: Southeast Asian Prospects Ophiomyia phaseoli (Tryon) Rating Origin Distribution Diptera: Agromyzidae (this species was earlier included in the genus Agromyza or Melanagromyza) bean fly Southeast Asia China Southern and Western Pacific +++ Indo +++ Guam 14 ++ Laos, Viet, Msia, Phil 9 ++ Fiji, PNG + Myan, Thai, Sing + Sam, Sol Is P Brun P P FSM Unknown, but presumably in association with one of its current legume host genera in India or possibly Southeast Asia. It was described by Tryon (1895) from specimens causing damage to beans in 1888 in Queensland, Australia and, shortly after, reported to cause similar damage in New South Wales (Froggatt 1899). This was given (CIE 1974a) as Africa: Burundi, Congo (Zaire), Egypt, Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, Malawi, Mali, Nigeria, RŽunion, Rwanda, Senegal, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe; Asia: Bangladesh, China, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Ryukyu Is, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand; Australia and Pacific Islands: Australia, Caroline Is, Fiji, Hawaii, Irian Jaya, Mariana Is, Papua New Guinea and Samoa. To the above must be added Israel (Spencer 1990) Brunei, Laos, Singapore (Waterhouse 1993b) and Japan (Makino et al. 1990). It has not been recorded from Europe or the Americas. A morphologically very similar species, O. spencerella, only readily distinguishable from O. phaseoli by the male genitalia, occurs in association with it in Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania and Nigeria on Phaseolus vulgaris and, less commonly, on several other legumes. There are 3 economically important agromyzid miners other than Ophiomyia phaseoli that attack much the same legumes in Asia. Melanagromyza (= Agromyza) obtusa is widely distributed in India as a pest of the developing seeds of chick and pigeon peas. The stem miners M. sojae and M. dolichostigma are pests of soybean in Indonesia, Japan and Taiwan and damage French beans and cowpeas in Sri Lanka and East Africa (Singh and van Emden 1979).
Biology Host plants 4.13 Ophiomyia phaseoli 237 The adult O. phaseoli is a small fly (females 2.2 mm and males 1.9 mm in length), shiny black in colour except for legs, antennae and wing veins, which are light brown (Abul-Nasser and Assem 1966). Females generally oviposit in bright sunlight in the upper surface of the cotyledons (soybeans) or young leaves of its many hosts, laying from 100 to 300 eggs during a 2Ðweek period (Otanes y Quesales 1918). Not all ovipositor punctures receive an egg, many provide sap which the females ingest (Goot 1930). On hatching from the egg after 2 to 4 days, the young larva forms a short leaf mine before tunneling into the nearest vein. Next the petiole is mined and the larva then moves down the stem (Taylor 1958). In young plants the main feeding takes place in the lower layers of the stem and the tap root may be penetrated. When larvae are numerous, some feed more deeply inside the stem and higher up in the plant. The larval and pupal stages occupy 7 to 10 days and 9 to 10 days respectively, resulting in a life cycle of about 3 weeks (Taylor 1958; Ooi 1988). However, the life cycle may be as short as 17 days in the field in Malaysia (Khoo et al. 1991) and in the laboratory in India at 24¡ to 31¡C as short as 11 days (Singh et al. 1991). At the other end of the scale, at higher altitudes in Java, the larval stage can be extended from 17 to 22 days and the pupal stage from 13 to 20 days (Goot 1930). Pupation occurs head upwards beneath the epidermis and generally near the base of the stem (Greathead 1969). In older plants, larvae may pupate at the base of the petioles. Talekar and Lee (1989) have developed a method for mass rearing bean fly on newly-germinated soybean cotyledons, permitting one person to produce 2 000 adults per day. Bean fly is known to attack at least 40 plant species. Most of its important hosts belong to the legume tribe Phaseoleae and particularly to the genus Phaseolus. The very susceptible P. vulgaris (French, kidney, haricot, runner or snap bean) is of Central American origin as are several other economic species of Phaseolus. However, from the point of view of the possible origin of O. phaseoli in Asia, all of the Asiatic species formerly placed in the genus Phaseolus have now been placed in the genus Vigna (Verdcourt 1970) and it is relevant that a number of important Vigna species are believed to have originated in India or nearby (Purseglove 1968). These include V. aconitifolia (moth bean), V. aurea (green or golden gram, mung bean) V. calcarata (rice bean) and V. mungo (black gram, urd bean). Other important hosts include Cajanus cajan (pigeon pea: origin Africa); Glycine
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Biological Control of Insect Pests:
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ii The Australian Centre for Intern
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iv 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 Natural enem
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vi 4.14 4.15 4.16 Phyllocnistis cit
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1 Abstract Introduction 1 Biologica
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3 Introduction Introduction 3 Water
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Figure 1. Introduction 5 integratio
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Introduction 7 necessary those used
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10 Biological Control of Insect Pes
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Table 4.1.1 Natural enemies of Agri
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Table 4.2.1 Average figures (days)
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Table 4.2.2 Natural enemies of Anom
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Table 4.2.2 (contÕd) Natural enemi
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Table 3 Order No. of +s 26 1. 41 2.
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4.4 Aphis gossypii India Myanmar ++
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Host plants Damage 4.4 Aphis gossyp
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4.4 Aphis gossypii the abundance of
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Table 4.4.1 (contÕd) HYMENOPTERA A
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Table 4.4.1 (contÕd) HYMENOPTERA A
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Table 4.4.1 (contÕd) Parasitoids o
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Table 4.4.1 (contÕd) Parasitoids o
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 59 Under humid c
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Table 4.4.3 Releases for the biolog
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 63 that the lyco
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IRAQ ISRAEL 4.4 Aphis gossypii 65 d
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 67 Lysiphlebus t
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USA USSR 4.4 Aphis gossypii 69 Lysi
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 71 the posterior
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 73 Aphidius cole
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 75 Ephedrus plag
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 77 as attacking
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Diptera 4.4 Aphis gossypii 79 insta
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 81 probing) of s
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 83 open fields w
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Table 4.5.1 Insect predators of Cos
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Table 4.5.1 (contÕd) Insect predat
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Table 4.5.2 Introductions for the b
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Table 4.5.2 (contÕd) Introductions
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100 Biological Control of Insect Pe
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Table 4.7.2 (contÕd) Diaphorina ci
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Table 4.7.4 (contÕd) Hyperparasito
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Table 4.7.5 (contÕd) Hyperparsitoi
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4.9 Dysmicoccus brevipes India 20°
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Biology 4.9 Dysmicoccus brevipes 14
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Natural enemies 4.9 Dysmicoccus bre
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Table 4.9.2 Introductions for the b
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Table 4.9.2 (contÕd) Introductions
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4.9 Dysmicoccus brevipes 153 INDONE
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TRINIDAD USA 4.9 Dysmicoccus brevip
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei India 20°
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Biology 4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 15
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 161 tissue
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Host plants 4.10 Hypothenemus hampe
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 165 the en
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 167 remain
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Table 4.10.1 (contÕd) Natural enem
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Asia 4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 171 C
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Table 4.10.2 (contÕd) Introduction
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 175 relati
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 177 to 30%
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 179 P. nas
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 181 Planta
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 183 Asian
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Page 225 and 226: THAILAND TONGA USA VANUATU 4.12 Nez
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Page 233: 4.13 Ophiomyia phaseoli India Myanm
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Table 4.15.4 (contÕd) Introduction
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Biology of important natural enemie
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4.15 Planococcus citri 313 Diomus p
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Comments 4.15 Planococcus citri 315
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni India 20° Mya
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Host plants 4.16 Trichoplusia ni 31
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 321 describing
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Table 4.16.1 (contÕd) Parasitoids
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Table 4.16.2 (contÕd) Some predato
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Table 4.16.2 (contÕd) Some predato
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 335 Introducti
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 337 Table 4.16
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Table 4.16.6 Natural enemies of Tri
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 341 It was sug
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 343 13.85 days
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 345 Voria rura
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 347 when 2nd o
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5 References 349 Abasa, R.O. 1975.
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References 351 Alfaro, F., Garcia-M
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References 353 Argyriou, L.C. 1970.
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References 355 Ayoub, M.A. 1960. Ph
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References 357 Barrera, J.F., Gomez
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References 359 Beattie, G.A.C. and
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References 361 Berkani, A. 1995. Re
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References 363 Boling, J.C. and Pit
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References 365 Brun, L.O., Marcilla
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References 367 Cantrell, B.K. 1984.
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References 369 Cenda-a, S.M., Gabri
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References 371 Chien, C.C., Chu, Y.
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References 373 CIE 1985. Distributi
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References 375 Compere, H. 1939. Me
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References 377 Crouzel, I.S. and Sa
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References 379 De Oliveira Filho, M
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References 381 Ding, Y., Li, M. and
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References 383 Elliott, N.C., Frenc
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References 385 Ferreira, A.J. and B
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References 387 Foerster, L.A., Quei
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References 389 Garcia, A. and Barri
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References 391 Godin, C. and Boivin
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References 393 Guido, A.S. and Ruff
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References 395 Hayat, M. and Lin, K
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References 397 Hofmaster, R.N. 1961
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References 399 Huo, S.T., Wei, Z.G.
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References 401 Jackson, C.G., Neema
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References 403 Jones, W.A. 1979. Th
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References 405 Kester, K.M., Smith,
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References 407 Komazaki, S. 1993. B
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References 409 Kushida, T., Katagir
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References 411 Lee, S.C., Yoo, J.K.
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References 413 Liljesthršm, G.G. 1
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References 415 Lo, K.C. and Chiu, S
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References 417 Manjunath, T.M. 1972
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References 419 McCutcheon, G.S. and
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References 421 Michael, P.J. 1981.
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References 423 Moreira, G.R.P. and
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References 425 Nakahara, M. and Kai
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References 429 Oncuer, C. and Bayha
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References 437 Reddy, K.B. and Bhat
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References 439 Roepke, W. 1912. On
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References 441 Saha, J.L. and Agarw
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References 443 Schlinger, E.I. and
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References 445 Shi, D.S. 1984. Stud
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References 447 Singh, R. and Bhatt,
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References 449 Sinha, T.B. and Sing
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References 451 Soldevila, A.I. and
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References 453 Starù, P. and Ghosh
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References 455 Steinkraus, D.C., Sl
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