Biological Control of Insect Pests: Southeast Asian Prospects - EcoPort

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Table 4.7.5 (contÕd) Hyperparsitoids of Tamarixia radiata and Diaphorencyrtus aligarhensis in Fujian and Taiwan (after Qing 1990) Percentage of hyperparasitisation T. radiata D. aligarhensis Hyperparasitoid Fujian Fujian Taiwan Fujian Fujian Taiwan APHELINIDAE (contÕd) Marietta leopardina 0.25 2.50 Coccophagus ceroplastae 0.01 Coccophagus sp. 0.10 Unidentified sp. 0.05 0.01 Totals 22.24 30.14 0.90 30.14 28.94 39.72 126 Biological Control of Insect Pests: Southeast Asian Prospects
4.7 Diaphorina citri 127 It is noteworthy that T. radiata, which has fairly recently (1984Ð1988) been introduced into Taiwan, was hyperparasitised to the extent only of 0.95% in 1989, whereas 42.2% of the native D. aligarhensis was attacked (Qing 1990). The levels of hyperparasitisation of both primary parasitoids seriously affects their capacity to develop high populations and hence to produce maximum reduction of host populations. Nevertheless, each primary parasitoid killed is also a D. citri killed, so the overall mortality of D. citri is the sum of the mortalities produced by both primary parasitoids and their hyperparasitoids. It is abundantly clear that all hyperparasitoids must be rigorously excluded when transferring primary parasitoids from one region to another. Attempts at biological control CHINA The parasitoid Tamarixia radiata, obtained originally from India, has been used in successful biological control projects in RŽunion, Mauritius and Taiwan and in an attempt in the Philippines (Table 4.7.6). These projects and comments on the situation in several other countries follow. Table 4.7.6 Introductions for the biological control of Diaphorina citri Species EULOPHIDAE From To Year Result Reference Tamarixia radiata India RŽunion 1978 + Aubert & Quilici 1984; Quilici 1989 RŽunion Mauritius after 1978 + Quilici 1989 RŽunion Taiwan 1983Ð86 + Chiu et al. 1988; Chien et al. 1988 RŽunion Philippines 1989 + ? Gavarra et al. 1990 Mercado et al. 1991 In Guangdong, predators (lacewings, ladybird beetles, thrips, spiders) caused about 80% mortality of D. citri. Duration of daylight (short days reducing oviposition), quality of the flushes, and pesticide usage were other important factors influencing D. citri populations (Chen 1988). It appears that some Chinese farmers may spray citrus up to 50 times a year. In Fujian there are 8 generations a year of D. citri on jasmin orange, Murraya paniculata and populations reach their peak in summer and early autumn during hot, dry weather when fresh shoots appear regularly. Populations are lowest in cold, wet weather with average temperatures of
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Biological Control of Insect Pests:
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ii The Australian Centre for Intern
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iv 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 Natural enem
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vi 4.14 4.15 4.16 Phyllocnistis cit
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1 Abstract Introduction 1 Biologica
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3 Introduction Introduction 3 Water
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Figure 1. Introduction 5 integratio
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Introduction 7 necessary those used
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10 Biological Control of Insect Pes
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Table 4.1.1 Natural enemies of Agri
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Table 4.2.1 Average figures (days)
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Table 4.2.2 Natural enemies of Anom
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Table 4.2.2 (contÕd) Natural enemi
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Table 4.2.2 (contÕd) Natural enemi
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Table 3 Order No. of +s 26 1. 41 2.
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4.4 Aphis gossypii India Myanmar ++
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Host plants Damage 4.4 Aphis gossyp
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4.4 Aphis gossypii the abundance of
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Table 4.4.1 (contÕd) HYMENOPTERA A
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Table 4.4.1 (contÕd) HYMENOPTERA A
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Table 4.4.1 (contÕd) Parasitoids o
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Table 4.4.1 (contÕd) Parasitoids o
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 59 Under humid c
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Table 4.4.3 Releases for the biolog
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 63 that the lyco
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IRAQ ISRAEL 4.4 Aphis gossypii 65 d
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 67 Lysiphlebus t
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USA USSR 4.4 Aphis gossypii 69 Lysi
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 71 the posterior
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 73 Aphidius cole
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Page 116 and 117: Table 4.7.2 (contÕd) Diaphorina ci
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Page 151 and 152: 4.9 Dysmicoccus brevipes 153 INDONE
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Page 155 and 156: 4.10 Hypothenemus hampei India 20°
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 177 to 30%
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 179 P. nas
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 181 Planta
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 183 Asian
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186 Biological Control of Insect Pe
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Table 4.11.1 Development times, and
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Table 4.11.2 Natural enemies of Leu
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4.12 Nezara viridula India Myanmar
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Biology Damage 4.12 Nezara viridula
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4.12 Nezara viridula 201 which cons
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Table 4.12.1 (contÕd) Parasitoids
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4.12 Nezara viridula 209 attracted
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Table 4.12.2 Introductions for the
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Table 4.12.2 (contÕd) Introduction
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4.12 Nezara viridula 217 Doubt has
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4.12 Nezara viridula 219 Africa and
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BRAZIL 4.12 Nezara viridula 221 par
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4.12 Nezara viridula 223 parasitisa
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4.12 Nezara viridula 225 Anastatus
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THAILAND TONGA USA VANUATU 4.12 Nez
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4.12 Nezara viridula 229 Gryon sp.
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4.12 Nezara viridula 231 reproducti
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4.12 Nezara viridula 233 Ectophasio
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4.13 Ophiomyia phaseoli India Myanm
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Biology Host plants 4.13 Ophiomyia
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Natural enemies 4.13 Ophiomyia phas
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Table 4.13.1 (contÕd) Natural enem
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Table 4.13.1 (contÕd) Natural enem
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EGYPT ETHIOPIA 4.13 Ophiomyia phase
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4.13 Ophiomyia phaseoli 247 Three a
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Attempts at biological control 4.13
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The more important parasitoids 4.13
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4.13 Ophiomyia phaseoli 253 its hos
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Comment 4.13 Ophiomyia phaseoli 255
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The Major Invertebrate Pests and We
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4.15 Planococcus citri India 20° M
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Biology Host plants 4.15 Planococcu
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Table 4.15.1 Predators of Planococc
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Table 4.15.1 (contÕd) Predators of
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Table 4.15.1 (contÕd) Predators of
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Table 4.15.2 Parasitoids of Planoco
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4.15 Planococcus citri 299 The ency
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BRAZIL CHILE CHINA CUBA CYPRUS FRAN
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ISRAEL 4.15 Planococcus citri 303 R
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4.15 Planococcus citri 305 When the
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Table 4.15.4 Introductions for the
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Biology of important natural enemie
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4.15 Planococcus citri 313 Diomus p
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Comments 4.15 Planococcus citri 315
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni India 20° Mya
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Host plants 4.16 Trichoplusia ni 31
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 321 describing
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Table 4.16.2 (contÕd) Some predato
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Table 4.16.2 (contÕd) Some predato
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 335 Introducti
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 337 Table 4.16
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Table 4.16.6 Natural enemies of Tri
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 341 It was sug
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 343 13.85 days
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 345 Voria rura
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 347 when 2nd o
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5 References 349 Abasa, R.O. 1975.
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References 351 Alfaro, F., Garcia-M
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References 353 Argyriou, L.C. 1970.
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References 355 Ayoub, M.A. 1960. Ph
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References 357 Barrera, J.F., Gomez
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References 359 Beattie, G.A.C. and
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References 361 Berkani, A. 1995. Re
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References 363 Boling, J.C. and Pit
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References 365 Brun, L.O., Marcilla
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References 367 Cantrell, B.K. 1984.
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References 369 Cenda-a, S.M., Gabri
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References 371 Chien, C.C., Chu, Y.
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References 373 CIE 1985. Distributi
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References 375 Compere, H. 1939. Me
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References 377 Crouzel, I.S. and Sa
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References 379 De Oliveira Filho, M
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References 381 Ding, Y., Li, M. and
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References 383 Elliott, N.C., Frenc
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References 385 Ferreira, A.J. and B
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References 387 Foerster, L.A., Quei
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References 389 Garcia, A. and Barri
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References 391 Godin, C. and Boivin
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References 393 Guido, A.S. and Ruff
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References 395 Hayat, M. and Lin, K
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References 397 Hofmaster, R.N. 1961
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References 399 Huo, S.T., Wei, Z.G.
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References 401 Jackson, C.G., Neema
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References 415 Lo, K.C. and Chiu, S
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References 419 McCutcheon, G.S. and
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References 425 Nakahara, M. and Kai
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