Biological Control of Insect Pests: Southeast Asian Prospects - EcoPort

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104 Biological Control of Insect Pests: Southeast Asian Prospects Comments pseudostems and in moist soil below banana mulch. Pupation occurs in the soil. Total development time averages 46 days and adults live an average of 142 days (Koppenhšfer 1994). Although weevils, as a group, seem to be poor candidates for biological control, the establishment of Plaesius javanus and P. laevigatus in Fiji appears to have reduced the pest status of Cosmopolites sordidus there. Introductions of P. javanus (Table 4.5.2) have resulted in successful establishment (but often not at the first attempt) in Cook Is, French Polynesia, Jamaica, Marianas, Mauritius, New Caledonia, Samoa and Trinidad, but no information is available on the effects it has produced. Introductions have been unsuccessful in Australia, Cameroon, Dominica, Honduras, Mauritius, Mexico, Puerto Rico, Seychelles, St Lucia, St Vincent, Taiwan, Tanzania, Tonga and Uganda (Bartlett 1937; Miwa 1938; Clausen 1978). Based on his observation and that of others, Koppenhšfer (1993a,b, Koppenhšfer and Schmutterer 1993) considered that the biology of P. javanus does not enable it to have any greater effect and that studies are necessary of the potential impact of proposed predator species before release. Two other predators have been established, one in Australia and one in Jamaica and St Vincent, but seemingly without much effect. If the beneficial effects of P. javanus (and P. laevigatus) in Fiji can be confirmed, it may be worth renewing efforts to establish them in other countries where C. sordidus is a major pest. Otherwise, resources available for biological control might be better deployed searching for, and evaluating, other natural enemies. It is possible that entomopathogenic nematodes (CSIRO 1993; Treverrow and Bedding 1993a) or fungi may hold some promise as biological pesticides. Nematodes generally have far less capability for selfperpetuation and dispersal in the environment than imported arthropod enemies, but they can be highly effective. However, in many tropical countries where bananas are a major staple food the distribution and application of mass-produced biological control agents, such as nematodes or fungi, is often impracticable because of storage and transport problems and lack of suitable equipment for application. In addition, like insecticides, they may be too costly for subsistence farmers who constitute the majority of banana producers. Even if it only leads to a partial (but still significant) reduction in pest status, classical biological control is, under these circumstances, a particularly appropriate approach to reduce losses.
4.6 Deanolis sublimbalis India 20° 0° 20° Myanmar Laos China ++ Thailand + Cambodia Malaysia Vietnam Singapore P Brunei P Indonesia + Taiwan ++ Philippines Australia + Papua New Guinea ++ 105 The red banded mango caterpillar, Deanolis sublimbalis tunnels in the flesh and seed of the fruit of mango, Mangifera indica, and also attacks the fruit of M. odorata, M. minor and Bouea burmanica. It is reported from India eastwards to Southeast Asia, southern China and Papua New Guinea. In this vast region there are scattered reports of damage ranging up to 50 per cent of fruit, but many areas within it from which there are no reports of damage or even of its presence. The only records of natural enemies are of two trichogrammatid egg parasitoids and a vespid larval predator, all in the Philippines. Further searches would be necessary before the potential of classical biological control could be evaluated, especially for infestation in new areas into which it has spread in recent years. 20° 0° 20°
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Biological Control of Insect Pests:
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ii The Australian Centre for Intern
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iv 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 Natural enem
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vi 4.14 4.15 4.16 Phyllocnistis cit
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1 Abstract Introduction 1 Biologica
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3 Introduction Introduction 3 Water
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Figure 1. Introduction 5 integratio
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Introduction 7 necessary those used
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10 Biological Control of Insect Pes
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Table 4.1.1 Natural enemies of Agri
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Table 4.2.1 Average figures (days)
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Table 4.2.2 Natural enemies of Anom
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Table 4.2.2 (contÕd) Natural enemi
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Table 4.2.2 (contÕd) Natural enemi
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Table 3 Order No. of +s 26 1. 41 2.
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4.4 Aphis gossypii India Myanmar ++
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Host plants Damage 4.4 Aphis gossyp
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4.4 Aphis gossypii the abundance of
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Table 4.4.1 (contÕd) HYMENOPTERA A
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TRINIDAD USA 4.9 Dysmicoccus brevip
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei India 20°
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Biology 4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 15
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 161 tissue
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Host plants 4.10 Hypothenemus hampe
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 165 the en
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 167 remain
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Table 4.10.1 (contÕd) Natural enem
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Asia 4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 171 C
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Table 4.10.2 (contÕd) Introduction
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 175 relati
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 177 to 30%
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 179 P. nas
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 181 Planta
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 183 Asian
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186 Biological Control of Insect Pe
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Table 4.11.1 Development times, and
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Table 4.11.2 Natural enemies of Leu
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4.12 Nezara viridula India Myanmar
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Biology Damage 4.12 Nezara viridula
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4.12 Nezara viridula 201 which cons
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Table 4.12.1 (contÕd) Parasitoids
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4.12 Nezara viridula 209 attracted
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Table 4.12.2 Introductions for the
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4.12 Nezara viridula 217 Doubt has
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4.12 Nezara viridula 219 Africa and
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BRAZIL 4.12 Nezara viridula 221 par
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4.12 Nezara viridula 223 parasitisa
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4.12 Nezara viridula 225 Anastatus
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THAILAND TONGA USA VANUATU 4.12 Nez
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4.12 Nezara viridula 229 Gryon sp.
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4.12 Nezara viridula 231 reproducti
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4.12 Nezara viridula 233 Ectophasio
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4.13 Ophiomyia phaseoli India Myanm
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Biology Host plants 4.13 Ophiomyia
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Natural enemies 4.13 Ophiomyia phas
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EGYPT ETHIOPIA 4.13 Ophiomyia phase
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4.13 Ophiomyia phaseoli 247 Three a
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Attempts at biological control 4.13
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The more important parasitoids 4.13
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4.13 Ophiomyia phaseoli 253 its hos
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Comment 4.13 Ophiomyia phaseoli 255
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The Major Invertebrate Pests and We
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4.15 Planococcus citri India 20° M
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Biology Host plants 4.15 Planococcu
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Table 4.15.1 Predators of Planococc
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Table 4.15.1 (contÕd) Predators of
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Table 4.15.1 (contÕd) Predators of
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Table 4.15.2 Parasitoids of Planoco
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4.15 Planococcus citri 299 The ency
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BRAZIL CHILE CHINA CUBA CYPRUS FRAN
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ISRAEL 4.15 Planococcus citri 303 R
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4.15 Planococcus citri 305 When the
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Table 4.15.4 Introductions for the
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Biology of important natural enemie
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4.15 Planococcus citri 313 Diomus p
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Comments 4.15 Planococcus citri 315
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni India 20° Mya
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Host plants 4.16 Trichoplusia ni 31
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 321 describing
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Table 4.16.2 (contÕd) Some predato
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Table 4.16.2 (contÕd) Some predato
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 335 Introducti
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 337 Table 4.16
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Table 4.16.6 Natural enemies of Tri
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 341 It was sug
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 343 13.85 days
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 345 Voria rura
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 347 when 2nd o
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5 References 349 Abasa, R.O. 1975.
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References 361 Berkani, A. 1995. Re
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References 373 CIE 1985. Distributi
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References 375 Compere, H. 1939. Me
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References 385 Ferreira, A.J. and B
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