Biological Control of Insect Pests: Southeast Asian Prospects - EcoPort

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158 Biological Control of Insect Pests: Southeast Asian Prospects Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari) Rating Origin Distribution Coleoptera: Scolytidae coffee berry borer Southeast Asia Southern and Western Pacific +++ Phil +++ N Cal 12 ++ Viet, Msia, Indo 7 ++ Fiji, Fr P + Thai, Laos, Brun P Camb P Pohnpei, Saipan This account updates the chapter on H. hampei in Waterhouse and Norris (1989) and the valuable review of Murphy and Moore (1990) in relation to prospects for biological control. FerrariÕs specimens, described in 1867 under the generic name Stephanoderes, were obtained from trade coffee beans in France. There appears to be no record of the country of origin of the material, but in 1867 infested beans could only have come from Africa or Saudi Arabia, because Hypothenemus hampei did not obtain a footing on other continents until later. The seed used to establish Coffea arabica in Saudi Arabia was probably obtained from the Ethiopian highlands centuries ago. There the coffee berry borer is native, though scarce (Davidson 1967), but if it did not accompany the original seed it could easily have reached Saudi Arabia through Arabian-African commerce over the centuries. The wider range of parasitoids (3) in West Africa than in East Africa (2, with one shared with the West) suggests that H. hampei has been in the West for a very long time and may indeed have evolved there (L.O. Brun pers. comm.). This was given by CIE (1981) as: Africa (Angola, Benin, Burundi, Cameroon, Canary Is, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Ethiopia, Fernando Poo, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Liberia, Malawi, Mozambique, Nigeria, Principe, Rio Muni, Rwanda, S‹o TomŽ, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda and Zimbabwe); Middle East (Saudi Arabia), Asia (Indonesia, Cambodia, Laos, Malaysia, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam); Central America (Guatemala,
Biology 4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 159 Honduras, Greater West Indies); South America (Brazil, Peru, Surinam); Pacific (Caroline Is, Irian Jaya, Marianas Is, New Caledonia, Society Is). To these must be added: South America (Colombia in 1988 (D. Moore pers. comm. 1989), Ecuador (CIBC 1988a, b)); Central America (El Salvador, Mexico (Baker 1984)); Asia (India (Kumar et al. 1990)) and the Pacific (Fiji (Anon. 1979a), Tahiti (Johnston 1963)). In the West Indies, Reid (1983) reported the beetle from Jamaica and Puerto Rico, but it has not been reported from the lesser West Indies (Guadeloupe). Significant coffee-growing or potential coffee-growing areas not yet infested are Solomon Is, Vanuatu, Hawaii and Papua New Guinea, although the latter is at serious risk because it shares a common land frontier with Irian Jaya (Indonesia), where H. hampei has been present for many years (Thomas 1961). H. hampei is not present in Australia. The following description of the life cycle refers exclusively to the relationship of the beetle with Coffea spp., and principally with Arabian coffee C. arabica and robusta coffee C. canephora, the most important cultivated species. Infestations of H. hampei occur in coffee seeds while they are enclosed in berries on the trees and in berries that fall to the ground. They will also continue vigorously in processed beans in storage, but not if the moisture content has been reduced below 12.5% (robusta beans) or 13.5% (arabica beans) (Hargreaves 1935). Apart from dispersive flight by adult females and the walking by males from one berry to another on the same branch (P. Cochereau pers. comm. 1995), no part of the life cycle of the coffee berry borer is passed through outside of the coffee bean. The length of adult females of H. hampei of American origin is given as 1.4 to 1.7 mm (Wood 1982) and of Ugandan females and males as about 1.9 mm and 1.3 mm respectively (Hargreaves 1926). Malaysian females averaged 1.58 mm and males 0.99 mm (Corbett 1933). Females outnumber males by at least 10 to 1 and the ratio is frequently much higher. The beetle is brown when it first emerges from the pupa but in the course of 4 or 5 days it becomes generally black, although the prothorax has a slightly reddish tinge. The prothorax is markedly humped, so that the down-turned head is not visible from above. The tibiae have strong spines which doubtless assist in such activities as tunneling through the pulp of coffee berries, ejecting the resulting frass, and forcing a way to the soil surface should the berry become interred. Beetle attack tends to be aggregated on some trees or on particular branches within trees, rather than evenly distributed (Baker 1984). The
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Biological Control of Insect Pests:
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ii The Australian Centre for Intern
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iv 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 Natural enem
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vi 4.14 4.15 4.16 Phyllocnistis cit
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1 Abstract Introduction 1 Biologica
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3 Introduction Introduction 3 Water
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Figure 1. Introduction 5 integratio
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Introduction 7 necessary those used
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10 Biological Control of Insect Pes
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Table 4.1.1 Natural enemies of Agri
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Table 4.2.1 Average figures (days)
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Table 4.2.2 Natural enemies of Anom
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Table 4.2.2 (contÕd) Natural enemi
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Table 4.2.2 (contÕd) Natural enemi
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Table 3 Order No. of +s 26 1. 41 2.
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4.4 Aphis gossypii India Myanmar ++
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Host plants Damage 4.4 Aphis gossyp
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4.4 Aphis gossypii the abundance of
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Table 4.4.1 (contÕd) HYMENOPTERA A
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Table 4.4.1 (contÕd) HYMENOPTERA A
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Table 4.4.1 (contÕd) Parasitoids o
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Table 4.4.1 (contÕd) Parasitoids o
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 59 Under humid c
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Table 4.4.3 Releases for the biolog
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 63 that the lyco
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IRAQ ISRAEL 4.4 Aphis gossypii 65 d
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 67 Lysiphlebus t
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USA USSR 4.4 Aphis gossypii 69 Lysi
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 71 the posterior
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 73 Aphidius cole
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 75 Ephedrus plag
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 77 as attacking
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Diptera 4.4 Aphis gossypii 79 insta
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 81 probing) of s
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 83 open fields w
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Table 4.5.1 Insect predators of Cos
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Table 4.5.1 (contÕd) Insect predat
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Table 4.5.2 Introductions for the b
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Table 4.5.2 (contÕd) Introductions
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100 Biological Control of Insect Pe
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Page 124 and 125: Table 4.7.5 (contÕd) Hyperparsitoi
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Page 141 and 142: Biology 4.9 Dysmicoccus brevipes 14
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Page 155: 4.10 Hypothenemus hampei India 20°
Page 159 and 160: 4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 161 tissue
Page 161 and 162: Host plants 4.10 Hypothenemus hampe
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Page 188 and 189: Table 4.11.2 Natural enemies of Leu
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4.12 Nezara viridula 209 attracted
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Table 4.12.2 Introductions for the
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Table 4.12.2 (contÕd) Introduction
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4.12 Nezara viridula 217 Doubt has
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4.12 Nezara viridula 219 Africa and
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BRAZIL 4.12 Nezara viridula 221 par
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4.12 Nezara viridula 223 parasitisa
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4.12 Nezara viridula 225 Anastatus
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THAILAND TONGA USA VANUATU 4.12 Nez
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4.12 Nezara viridula 229 Gryon sp.
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4.12 Nezara viridula 231 reproducti
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4.12 Nezara viridula 233 Ectophasio
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4.13 Ophiomyia phaseoli India Myanm
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Biology Host plants 4.13 Ophiomyia
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Natural enemies 4.13 Ophiomyia phas
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Table 4.13.1 (contÕd) Natural enem
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Table 4.13.1 (contÕd) Natural enem
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EGYPT ETHIOPIA 4.13 Ophiomyia phase
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4.13 Ophiomyia phaseoli 247 Three a
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Attempts at biological control 4.13
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The more important parasitoids 4.13
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4.13 Ophiomyia phaseoli 253 its hos
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Comment 4.13 Ophiomyia phaseoli 255
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The Major Invertebrate Pests and We
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4.15 Planococcus citri India 20° M
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Biology Host plants 4.15 Planococcu
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Table 4.15.1 Predators of Planococc
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Table 4.15.1 (contÕd) Predators of
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Table 4.15.1 (contÕd) Predators of
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Table 4.15.2 Parasitoids of Planoco
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4.15 Planococcus citri 299 The ency
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BRAZIL CHILE CHINA CUBA CYPRUS FRAN
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ISRAEL 4.15 Planococcus citri 303 R
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4.15 Planococcus citri 305 When the
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Table 4.15.4 Introductions for the
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Biology of important natural enemie
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4.15 Planococcus citri 313 Diomus p
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Comments 4.15 Planococcus citri 315
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni India 20° Mya
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Host plants 4.16 Trichoplusia ni 31
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 321 describing
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Table 4.16.1 (contÕd) Parasitoids
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Table 4.16.2 (contÕd) Some predato
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Table 4.16.2 (contÕd) Some predato
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 335 Introducti
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 337 Table 4.16
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Table 4.16.6 Natural enemies of Tri
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 341 It was sug
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 343 13.85 days
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 345 Voria rura
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 347 when 2nd o
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5 References 349 Abasa, R.O. 1975.
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References 351 Alfaro, F., Garcia-M
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References 353 Argyriou, L.C. 1970.
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References 355 Ayoub, M.A. 1960. Ph
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References 357 Barrera, J.F., Gomez
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References 359 Beattie, G.A.C. and
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References 361 Berkani, A. 1995. Re
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References 363 Boling, J.C. and Pit
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References 365 Brun, L.O., Marcilla
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References 367 Cantrell, B.K. 1984.
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References 369 Cenda-a, S.M., Gabri
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References 371 Chien, C.C., Chu, Y.
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References 373 CIE 1985. Distributi
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References 375 Compere, H. 1939. Me
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References 377 Crouzel, I.S. and Sa
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References 379 De Oliveira Filho, M
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References 381 Ding, Y., Li, M. and
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References 383 Elliott, N.C., Frenc
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References 385 Ferreira, A.J. and B
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References 387 Foerster, L.A., Quei
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References 389 Garcia, A. and Barri
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References 391 Godin, C. and Boivin
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References 393 Guido, A.S. and Ruff
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References 395 Hayat, M. and Lin, K
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References 397 Hofmaster, R.N. 1961
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References 399 Huo, S.T., Wei, Z.G.
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References 401 Jackson, C.G., Neema
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References 403 Jones, W.A. 1979. Th
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References 405 Kester, K.M., Smith,
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References 407 Komazaki, S. 1993. B
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References 409 Kushida, T., Katagir
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References 411 Lee, S.C., Yoo, J.K.
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References 413 Liljesthršm, G.G. 1
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References 415 Lo, K.C. and Chiu, S
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References 417 Manjunath, T.M. 1972
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References 419 McCutcheon, G.S. and
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References 421 Michael, P.J. 1981.
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References 423 Moreira, G.R.P. and
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References 425 Nakahara, M. and Kai
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References 427 Nixon, G.E.J. 1937.
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References 429 Oncuer, C. and Bayha
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References 431 Panis, A. 1977. Pseu
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References 433 Pe-a, J.E., Gilbin-D
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References 435 Prinsloo, G.L. 1985.
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References 437 Reddy, K.B. and Bhat
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References 439 Roepke, W. 1912. On
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References 441 Saha, J.L. and Agarw
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References 443 Schlinger, E.I. and
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References 445 Shi, D.S. 1984. Stud
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References 447 Singh, R. and Bhatt,
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References 449 Sinha, T.B. and Sing
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References 451 Soldevila, A.I. and
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References 453 Starù, P. and Ghosh
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References 455 Steinkraus, D.C., Sl
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References 457 Swezey, O.H. 1931. R
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References 459 Tewari, G.C. and Sar
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References 461 Tranfaglia, A. 1979.
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References 463 Ujiye, T. 1990. Stud
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References 465 van Steenis, M.J. 19
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References 467 Vinson, S.B. and Sto
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References 469 Waterston, J. 1915.
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References 471 Wilson, C.G. 1991. N
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References 475 Zhang, X.L. 1987. Pr
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