Biological Control of Insect Pests: Southeast Asian Prospects - EcoPort

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References 411 Lee, S.C., Yoo, J.K. and Yoo, C.Y. 1970. Survey on the kinds of fruit sucking moths and their damage in Korea (II). (in Korean, English summary). Korean Journal of Plant Protection 9: 99Ð102. Leefmans, S. 1920. Preliminary communication on the coffee-berry borer. Publicati‘s Nederlandsch-Indisch Landbouwsyndicaat, Soerabaya, XII, no. 15: 645Ð663 (Review of Applied Entomology (A) 10: 571, 1922). Leefmans, S. 1924a. The position regarding importation from Uganda of parasites of the coffee berry borer. Mededelingen van het Koffiebessenboeboek-Fonds. no. 9: 191Ð201 (Review of Applied Entomology (A) 12: 200Ð201, 1924). Leefmans, S. 1924b. The coffee-berry borer. II. Control. Mededelingen van het Instituut voor Plantenziekten, Buitenzorg, no. 62 (Review of Applied Entomology (A) 12: 202, 1924). Leefmans, S. 1929. Preliminary list of parasites and predators of some important insect pests in the Netherlands Indies. Proceedings of the 4th Pacific Science Congress, Java. IV Agricultural Papers: 561Ð568. Leefmans, S. and van der Vecht, J. 1930. The red-ringed mango caterpillar. (in Dutch, English summary). Korte Mededeelingen van het Instituut voor Plantenziekten. 14. 6pp. Legg, J.T. and Lockwood, G. 1981. Resistance of cocoa to swollen shoot virus in Ghana. I Field trials. Annals of Applied Biology 97: 75Ð89. Lei, C.L., Chen, H.X. and Holling, C.S. 1987. Effects of various aphid densities on the predation and development of larvae of Propylea japonica and Harmonia axyridis (in Chinese). Natural Enemies of Insects 9: 213Ð216. Leiby, R.W. 1926. The origin of mixed breeds in polyembryonic Hymenoptera. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 19: 290Ð299. Leiby, R.W. 1929. Polyembrony in insects. Proceedings of the 4th International Congress of Entomology 2: 873Ð887. Leroy, J.V. 1936. Observations on certain insects attacking the coffee plant. Publications de l'Institut National pour l'Etude Agronomique du Congo Belge. SŽrie Scientifique 26: 64pp (Review of Applied Entomology (A) 25: 192, 1937). Letourneau, D.K. 1994. Bean fly management practices and biological control in Malawian subsistence agriculture. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 50: 103Ð111. Lever, R.J.A.W. 1940. Insect pests of citrus, pineapple and tobacco. Agricultural Journal of Fiji 11(4): 99Ð101. Lever, R.J.A.W. 1941. Entomological notes. Fiji Agricultural Journal 12: 45Ð50. Lever, R.J.A.W. 1943. Division of Entomology. Annual Report for 1942. Agricultural Journal of Fiji 14(3): 83Ð85.
412 Biological Control of Insect Pests: Southeast Asian Prospects Lever, R.J.A.W. 1945. An annotated check list of the mealybugs and scale insects of Fiji. Agricultural Journal, Department of Agriculture, Fiji 16: 41Ð44. Li, L.Y., Wang, R. and Waterhouse, D.F. 1997. The distribution and importance of major insect pests and weeds of agriculture and plantation forests in southern China. Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and ACIAR. 185pp. Li, Q.F. and Wen, Q. 1988. Observations on the relationship between aphids and braconids on early spring hosts and cotton (in Chinese). Insect Knowledge 25: 274Ð277 (Review of Agricultural Entomology 78: 749, 1990). Liang, D.R., Zhao, C.X. and Yang, F.L. 1981. Effects of the nuclear polyhedrosis viruses of Anomis flava (Fabricius) (in Chinese). Insect Knowledge 18(2): 65Ð67. Liljesthršm, G.G. 1980. Nota sobre Trichopoda giacomellii (Blanchard, 1966) (Diptera, Tachinidae). Neotropica 26: 233Ð236. Liljesthršm, G.G. 1981. Algunas consideraciones sobre la dinamica poblacional de Nezara viridula (L.) (Hemiptera Pentatomidae) e interacciones con Trichopoda giacomellii (Blanchard, 1966) (Diptera Tachinidae). Tropicana 27: 11Ð16. Liljesthršm, G.G. 1985. Responses of Trichopoda giacomellii (Blanchard, 1966) (Diptera: Tachinidae) to variations in the density of Nezara viridula (L.) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) (in Spanish, English summary). Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina 44: 161Ð167 (Review of Agricultural Entomology 79: 7935, 1991). Liljesthršm, G.G. 1991. Selectividad del parasitoide Trichopoda giacomellii (Blanchard) (Diptera: Tachinidae) hacia individuos de Nezara viridula (L.) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) que difieren en el estado de deserrollo, sexo, edad y patrones de coloraci—n. (in Spanish, English summary). Ecologia Austral 1: 41Ð49. Liljesthršm, G.G. 1992. Distribuci—n de los ataques del parasitoide Trichopoda giacomelli (Diptera: Tachinidae) sobre una poblaci—n de Nezara viridula (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). (in Spanish, English summary). Ecologia Austral 2: 29Ð37. Liljesthršm, G.G. 1993a. Effectos del parasitismo de Trichopoda giacomellii (Blanchard) (Diptera: Tachinidae) sobre una poblaci—n de Nezara viridula (L.). (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) (in Spanish, English summary). Revista de la Sociedad Entomol—gica Argentina 52: 21Ð28. Liljesthršm, G.G. 1993b. Superparasitismo y competencia intraspecifica entre laevas del parasitoide Trichopoda giacomelli (Blanchard) (Diptera: Tachinidae). (in Spanish, English summary). Ecologia Austral 3: 43Ð48. Liljesthršm, G.G. 1994. First consignment of Trichopoda giacomelli (Blanchard) (Diptera: Tachinidae) to Australia for the control of Nezara viridula (L.) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) (in Spanish). Neotropica 40: 89Ð90.
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Biological Control of Insect Pests:
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ii The Australian Centre for Intern
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iv 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 Natural enem
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vi 4.14 4.15 4.16 Phyllocnistis cit
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1 Abstract Introduction 1 Biologica
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3 Introduction Introduction 3 Water
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Figure 1. Introduction 5 integratio
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Introduction 7 necessary those used
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10 Biological Control of Insect Pes
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Table 4.1.1 Natural enemies of Agri
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Table 4.2.1 Average figures (days)
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Table 4.2.2 Natural enemies of Anom
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Table 4.2.2 (contÕd) Natural enemi
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Table 3 Order No. of +s 26 1. 41 2.
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4.4 Aphis gossypii India Myanmar ++
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Host plants Damage 4.4 Aphis gossyp
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4.4 Aphis gossypii the abundance of
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Table 4.4.1 (contÕd) HYMENOPTERA A
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Table 4.4.1 (contÕd) HYMENOPTERA A
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Table 4.4.1 (contÕd) Parasitoids o
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Table 4.4.1 (contÕd) Parasitoids o
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 59 Under humid c
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Table 4.4.3 Releases for the biolog
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 63 that the lyco
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IRAQ ISRAEL 4.4 Aphis gossypii 65 d
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 67 Lysiphlebus t
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USA USSR 4.4 Aphis gossypii 69 Lysi
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 71 the posterior
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 73 Aphidius cole
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 75 Ephedrus plag
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 77 as attacking
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Diptera 4.4 Aphis gossypii 79 insta
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 81 probing) of s
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 83 open fields w
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Table 4.5.1 Insect predators of Cos
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Table 4.5.1 (contÕd) Insect predat
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Table 4.5.2 Introductions for the b
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Table 4.5.2 (contÕd) Introductions
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100 Biological Control of Insect Pe
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Table 4.7.2 (contÕd) Diaphorina ci
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Table 4.7.4 (contÕd) Hyperparasito
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Table 4.7.5 (contÕd) Hyperparsitoi
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4.9 Dysmicoccus brevipes India 20°
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Biology 4.9 Dysmicoccus brevipes 14
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Natural enemies 4.9 Dysmicoccus bre
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Table 4.9.2 Introductions for the b
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Table 4.9.2 (contÕd) Introductions
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4.9 Dysmicoccus brevipes 153 INDONE
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TRINIDAD USA 4.9 Dysmicoccus brevip
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei India 20°
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Biology 4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 15
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 161 tissue
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Host plants 4.10 Hypothenemus hampe
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 165 the en
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 167 remain
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Table 4.10.1 (contÕd) Natural enem
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Asia 4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 171 C
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Table 4.10.2 (contÕd) Introduction
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 175 relati
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 177 to 30%
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 179 P. nas
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 181 Planta
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 183 Asian
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Table 4.11.1 Development times, and
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Table 4.11.2 Natural enemies of Leu
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4.12 Nezara viridula India Myanmar
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Biology Damage 4.12 Nezara viridula
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4.12 Nezara viridula 201 which cons
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Table 4.12.1 (contÕd) Parasitoids
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4.12 Nezara viridula 209 attracted
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Table 4.12.2 Introductions for the
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4.12 Nezara viridula 217 Doubt has
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4.12 Nezara viridula 219 Africa and
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BRAZIL 4.12 Nezara viridula 221 par
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4.12 Nezara viridula 223 parasitisa
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4.12 Nezara viridula 225 Anastatus
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THAILAND TONGA USA VANUATU 4.12 Nez
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4.12 Nezara viridula 229 Gryon sp.
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4.12 Nezara viridula 231 reproducti
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4.12 Nezara viridula 233 Ectophasio
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4.13 Ophiomyia phaseoli India Myanm
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Biology Host plants 4.13 Ophiomyia
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Natural enemies 4.13 Ophiomyia phas
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EGYPT ETHIOPIA 4.13 Ophiomyia phase
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4.13 Ophiomyia phaseoli 247 Three a
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Attempts at biological control 4.13
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The more important parasitoids 4.13
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4.13 Ophiomyia phaseoli 253 its hos
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Comment 4.13 Ophiomyia phaseoli 255
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The Major Invertebrate Pests and We
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4.15 Planococcus citri India 20° M
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Biology Host plants 4.15 Planococcu
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Table 4.15.1 Predators of Planococc
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Table 4.15.1 (contÕd) Predators of
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Table 4.15.1 (contÕd) Predators of
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Table 4.15.2 Parasitoids of Planoco
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4.15 Planococcus citri 299 The ency
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BRAZIL CHILE CHINA CUBA CYPRUS FRAN
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ISRAEL 4.15 Planococcus citri 303 R
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4.15 Planococcus citri 305 When the
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Table 4.15.4 Introductions for the
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Biology of important natural enemie
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4.15 Planococcus citri 313 Diomus p
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Comments 4.15 Planococcus citri 315
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni India 20° Mya
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Host plants 4.16 Trichoplusia ni 31
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 321 describing
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Table 4.16.2 (contÕd) Some predato
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Table 4.16.2 (contÕd) Some predato
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 335 Introducti
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 337 Table 4.16
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Table 4.16.6 Natural enemies of Tri
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 341 It was sug
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 343 13.85 days
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 345 Voria rura
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 347 when 2nd o
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5 References 349 Abasa, R.O. 1975.
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References 351 Alfaro, F., Garcia-M
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References 353 Argyriou, L.C. 1970.
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References 355 Ayoub, M.A. 1960. Ph
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References 357 Barrera, J.F., Gomez
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References 359 Beattie, G.A.C. and
Page 336 and 337: References 361 Berkani, A. 1995. Re
Page 338 and 339: References 363 Boling, J.C. and Pit
Page 340 and 341: References 365 Brun, L.O., Marcilla
Page 342 and 343: References 367 Cantrell, B.K. 1984.
Page 344 and 345: References 369 Cenda-a, S.M., Gabri
Page 346 and 347: References 371 Chien, C.C., Chu, Y.
Page 348 and 349: References 373 CIE 1985. Distributi
Page 350 and 351: References 375 Compere, H. 1939. Me
Page 352 and 353: References 377 Crouzel, I.S. and Sa
Page 354 and 355: References 379 De Oliveira Filho, M
Page 356 and 357: References 381 Ding, Y., Li, M. and
Page 358 and 359: References 383 Elliott, N.C., Frenc
Page 360 and 361: References 385 Ferreira, A.J. and B
Page 362 and 363: References 387 Foerster, L.A., Quei
Page 364 and 365: References 389 Garcia, A. and Barri
Page 366 and 367: References 391 Godin, C. and Boivin
Page 368 and 369: References 393 Guido, A.S. and Ruff
Page 370 and 371: References 395 Hayat, M. and Lin, K
Page 372 and 373: References 397 Hofmaster, R.N. 1961
Page 374 and 375: References 399 Huo, S.T., Wei, Z.G.
Page 376 and 377: References 401 Jackson, C.G., Neema
Page 378 and 379: References 403 Jones, W.A. 1979. Th
Page 380 and 381: References 405 Kester, K.M., Smith,
Page 382 and 383: References 407 Komazaki, S. 1993. B
Page 384 and 385: References 409 Kushida, T., Katagir
Page 388 and 389: References 413 Liljesthršm, G.G. 1
Page 390 and 391: References 415 Lo, K.C. and Chiu, S
Page 392 and 393: References 417 Manjunath, T.M. 1972
Page 394 and 395: References 419 McCutcheon, G.S. and
Page 396 and 397: References 421 Michael, P.J. 1981.
Page 398 and 399: References 423 Moreira, G.R.P. and
Page 400 and 401: References 425 Nakahara, M. and Kai
Page 402 and 403: References 427 Nixon, G.E.J. 1937.
Page 404 and 405: References 429 Oncuer, C. and Bayha
Page 406 and 407: References 431 Panis, A. 1977. Pseu
Page 408 and 409: References 433 Pe-a, J.E., Gilbin-D
Page 410 and 411: References 435 Prinsloo, G.L. 1985.
Page 412 and 413: References 437 Reddy, K.B. and Bhat
Page 414 and 415: References 439 Roepke, W. 1912. On
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Page 418 and 419: References 443 Schlinger, E.I. and
Page 420 and 421: References 445 Shi, D.S. 1984. Stud
Page 422 and 423: References 447 Singh, R. and Bhatt,
Page 424 and 425: References 449 Sinha, T.B. and Sing
Page 426 and 427: References 451 Soldevila, A.I. and
Page 428 and 429: References 453 Starù, P. and Ghosh
Page 430 and 431: References 455 Steinkraus, D.C., Sl
Page 432 and 433: References 457 Swezey, O.H. 1931. R
Page 434 and 435: References 459 Tewari, G.C. and Sar
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References 461 Tranfaglia, A. 1979.
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References 463 Ujiye, T. 1990. Stud
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References 465 van Steenis, M.J. 19
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References 467 Vinson, S.B. and Sto
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References 469 Waterston, J. 1915.
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References 471 Wilson, C.G. 1991. N
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References 473 Xu, C.F., Xia, Y.H.,
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References 475 Zhang, X.L. 1987. Pr
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