Biological Control of Insect Pests: Southeast Asian Prospects - EcoPort

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182 Biological Control of Insect Pests: Southeast Asian Prospects (1935) and Ingram (quoted by Le Pelley 1968, p 125) in Uganda and Sladden (1934) and Schmitz and Crisinel (1957) in Zaire concluded that parasitoids had little influence on the number of bored berries. Murphy and Moore (1990) considered that P. nasuta did not have a major impact in Western Kenya where H. coffeicola was not encountered. There, coffee berries infested with H. hampei, ranged in being attacked by P. nasuta from 0% in the wet season to 25% in the dry season and P. nasuta populations did not build up until after the annual coffee harvest when populations of H. hampei had already crashed from their annual peak. Although P. nasuta is present in Ivory Coast (Diro, Man) it is usually rare and H. coffeicola apparently absent. However, Cephalonomia stephanoderis was common and up to 50% of colonies of H. hampei in black berries were parasitised, resulting in important population reduction (Ticheler 1961), a conclusion contested by Koch (1973) on unsubstantiated grounds. It is relevant that, in the presence of C. stephanoderis, but without any chemical treatment, Cochereau and Potiaroa (1994) reported that only 2% of the coffee beans (4% of the berries) were attacked in Ivory Coast by H. hampei. They contrast this with the situation in New Caledonia where it was common to find 50% of the berries bored, even in plantations treated with endosulfan. Experience in biological control suggests that the negative assessments of the value of parasites in Africa may reflect the restraining influence of hyperparasites (such as Aphanogmus (= Ceraphron) dictynna), predators, competitors and diseases, but it seems that no such impediments were taken to Brazil with the original stocks of Prorops nasuta. Nevertheless, Le Pelley (1968) stated that there was no evidence that, 35 years after the introduction, Brazilian coffee growers had to invest less effort in other control measures and Yokayama et al. (1978), 45 years after its introduction, gave a depressing picture of its impact. Greater success may attend the more recent employment of Cephalonomia stephanoderis. In spite of the conflicting reports, there are, on balance, good reasons for maintaining optimism that natural enemies can play an important role in reducing the losses caused by H. hampei. There are the still to be evaluated prospects that C. stephanoderis will prove useful and there are various strains (and intraspecific crosses) of P. nasuta, in addition to Phymasticus coffea, Heterospilus coffeicola and Goniozus to consider. It is quite possible also that further work, especially in countries such as Ethiopia, which have not been studied, will reveal additional parasitoid species. It is possible that nematodes may prove effective in controlling infestations in fallen berries and likely that applications of a virulent strain of Beauveria bassiana may prove to be a valuable alternative to pesticides. It is fortunate for Southeast
4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 183 Asian countries that active work on both parasitoids and B. bassiana is in progress in a number of South American countries and in New Caledonia, from which valuable new information will emerge. However, this is not a justification to delay action if H. hampei is high enough on the priority list, since it is likely that parasitoid cultures and relevant expertise will be more readily and economically available now than they will be some years hence.
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Biological Control of Insect Pests:
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ii The Australian Centre for Intern
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iv 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 Natural enem
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vi 4.14 4.15 4.16 Phyllocnistis cit
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1 Abstract Introduction 1 Biologica
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3 Introduction Introduction 3 Water
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Figure 1. Introduction 5 integratio
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Introduction 7 necessary those used
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10 Biological Control of Insect Pes
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Table 4.1.1 Natural enemies of Agri
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Table 4.2.1 Average figures (days)
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Table 4.2.2 Natural enemies of Anom
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Table 4.2.2 (contÕd) Natural enemi
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Table 3 Order No. of +s 26 1. 41 2.
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4.4 Aphis gossypii India Myanmar ++
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Host plants Damage 4.4 Aphis gossyp
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4.4 Aphis gossypii the abundance of
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Table 4.4.1 (contÕd) HYMENOPTERA A
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Table 4.4.1 (contÕd) HYMENOPTERA A
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Table 4.4.1 (contÕd) Parasitoids o
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Table 4.4.1 (contÕd) Parasitoids o
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 59 Under humid c
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Table 4.4.3 Releases for the biolog
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 63 that the lyco
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IRAQ ISRAEL 4.4 Aphis gossypii 65 d
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 67 Lysiphlebus t
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USA USSR 4.4 Aphis gossypii 69 Lysi
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 71 the posterior
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 73 Aphidius cole
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 75 Ephedrus plag
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 77 as attacking
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Diptera 4.4 Aphis gossypii 79 insta
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 81 probing) of s
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 83 open fields w
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Table 4.5.1 Insect predators of Cos
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Table 4.5.1 (contÕd) Insect predat
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Table 4.5.2 Introductions for the b
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Table 4.5.2 (contÕd) Introductions
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100 Biological Control of Insect Pe
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Table 4.7.2 (contÕd) Diaphorina ci
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Table 4.7.4 (contÕd) Hyperparasito
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Table 4.7.5 (contÕd) Hyperparsitoi
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Page 130 and 131: 132 Biological Control of Insect Pe
Page 139 and 140: 4.9 Dysmicoccus brevipes India 20°
Page 141 and 142: Biology 4.9 Dysmicoccus brevipes 14
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Page 147 and 148: Table 4.9.2 Introductions for the b
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Page 151 and 152: 4.9 Dysmicoccus brevipes 153 INDONE
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Page 155 and 156: 4.10 Hypothenemus hampei India 20°
Page 157 and 158: Biology 4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 15
Page 159 and 160: 4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 161 tissue
Page 161 and 162: Host plants 4.10 Hypothenemus hampe
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Page 171 and 172: Table 4.10.2 (contÕd) Introduction
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Page 177 and 178: 4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 179 P. nas
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Page 188 and 189: Table 4.11.2 Natural enemies of Leu
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Page 197 and 198: Biology Damage 4.12 Nezara viridula
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Page 225 and 226: THAILAND TONGA USA VANUATU 4.12 Nez
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4.12 Nezara viridula 233 Ectophasio
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4.13 Ophiomyia phaseoli India Myanm
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Biology Host plants 4.13 Ophiomyia
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Natural enemies 4.13 Ophiomyia phas
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Table 4.13.1 (contÕd) Natural enem
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Table 4.13.1 (contÕd) Natural enem
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EGYPT ETHIOPIA 4.13 Ophiomyia phase
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4.13 Ophiomyia phaseoli 247 Three a
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Attempts at biological control 4.13
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The more important parasitoids 4.13
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4.13 Ophiomyia phaseoli 253 its hos
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Comment 4.13 Ophiomyia phaseoli 255
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The Major Invertebrate Pests and We
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4.15 Planococcus citri India 20° M
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Biology Host plants 4.15 Planococcu
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Table 4.15.1 Predators of Planococc
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Table 4.15.1 (contÕd) Predators of
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Table 4.15.1 (contÕd) Predators of
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Table 4.15.2 Parasitoids of Planoco
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4.15 Planococcus citri 299 The ency
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BRAZIL CHILE CHINA CUBA CYPRUS FRAN
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ISRAEL 4.15 Planococcus citri 303 R
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4.15 Planococcus citri 305 When the
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Table 4.15.4 Introductions for the
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Table 4.15.4 (contÕd) Introduction
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Biology of important natural enemie
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4.15 Planococcus citri 313 Diomus p
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Comments 4.15 Planococcus citri 315
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni India 20° Mya
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Host plants 4.16 Trichoplusia ni 31
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 321 describing
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Table 4.16.1 (contÕd) Parasitoids
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Table 4.16.2 (contÕd) Some predato
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Table 4.16.2 (contÕd) Some predato
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 335 Introducti
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 337 Table 4.16
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Table 4.16.6 Natural enemies of Tri
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 341 It was sug
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 343 13.85 days
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 345 Voria rura
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 347 when 2nd o
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5 References 349 Abasa, R.O. 1975.
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References 351 Alfaro, F., Garcia-M
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References 353 Argyriou, L.C. 1970.
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References 355 Ayoub, M.A. 1960. Ph
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References 357 Barrera, J.F., Gomez
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References 359 Beattie, G.A.C. and
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References 361 Berkani, A. 1995. Re
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References 363 Boling, J.C. and Pit
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References 365 Brun, L.O., Marcilla
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References 367 Cantrell, B.K. 1984.
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References 369 Cenda-a, S.M., Gabri
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References 371 Chien, C.C., Chu, Y.
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References 373 CIE 1985. Distributi
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References 375 Compere, H. 1939. Me
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References 377 Crouzel, I.S. and Sa
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References 379 De Oliveira Filho, M
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References 383 Elliott, N.C., Frenc
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References 385 Ferreira, A.J. and B
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References 387 Foerster, L.A., Quei
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References 389 Garcia, A. and Barri
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References 391 Godin, C. and Boivin
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