Biological Control of Insect Pests: Southeast Asian Prospects - EcoPort

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4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 Biology 143 Hosts 144 Damage 144 Natural enemies 145 Attempts at biological control 145 Major natural enemies 155 Comments 156 Hypothenemus hampei 157 Rating 158 Origin 158 Distribution 158 Biology 159 Host plants 163 Damage 164 Natural enemies 166 Attempts at biological control 170 Major parasite species 176 Comments 180 Leucinodes orbonalis 185 Rating 186 Origin 186 Distribution 186 Biology 187 Host plants 187 Damage 189 Natural enemies 189 Attempts at biological control 192 Major natural enemies 192 Comments 194 Nezara viridula 197 Rating 198 Origin 198 Distribution 198 Biology 199 Damage 199 Natural enemies 200 The role of pheromones and other chemical secretions 208 Attempts at biological control 209 Biology of the major species 228 Comments 233 Ophiomyia phaseoli 235 Rating 236 Origin 236 Distribution 236 Biology 237 Host plants 237 Damage 238 Natural enemies 239 Attempts at biological control 249 The more important parasitoids 251 Comment 255 v
vi 4.14 4.15 4.16 Phyllocnistis citrella 257 Rating 258 Origin 258 Distribution 258 Biology 259 Host plants 262 Damage 263 Natural enemies 264 Attempts at biological control 279 Major natural enemies 282 Comment 285 Planococcus citri 287 Rating 288 Origin 288 Distribution 288 Biology 289 Host plants 289 Damage 290 Natural enemies 290 Attempts at biological control 296 Biology of important natural enemies 311 Comments 315 Trichoplusia ni 317 Rating 318 Origin 318 Distribution 318 Biology 318 Host plants 319 Damage 320 Natural enemies 320 Introductions for biological control of T. ni 334 Major parasitoid species 340 Comment 345 5 References 349 6 Index of scientific names of insects 477 7 General index 531
Page 1 and 2: Biological Control of Insect Pests:
Page 3 and 4: ii The Australian Centre for Intern
Page 5: iv 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 Natural enem
Page 9 and 10: 1 Abstract Introduction 1 Biologica
Page 11 and 12: 3 Introduction Introduction 3 Water
Page 13 and 14: Figure 1. Introduction 5 integratio
Page 15: Introduction 7 necessary those used
Page 18 and 19: 10 Biological Control of Insect Pes
Page 20 and 21: Table 4.1.1 Natural enemies of Agri
Page 28 and 29: Table 4.2.1 Average figures (days)
Page 30 and 31: Table 4.2.2 Natural enemies of Anom
Page 32 and 33: Table 4.2.2 (contÕd) Natural enemi
Page 34 and 35: Table 4.2.2 (contÕd) Natural enemi
Page 41 and 42: Table 3 Order No. of +s 26 1. 41 2.
Page 43 and 44: 4.4 Aphis gossypii India Myanmar ++
Page 45 and 46: Host plants Damage 4.4 Aphis gossyp
Page 47 and 48: 4.4 Aphis gossypii the abundance of
Page 49 and 50: Table 4.4.1 (contÕd) HYMENOPTERA A
Page 51 and 52: Table 4.4.1 (contÕd) HYMENOPTERA A
Page 53 and 54: Table 4.4.1 (contÕd) Parasitoids o
Page 55 and 56: Table 4.4.1 (contÕd) Parasitoids o
Page 57 and 58:
4.4 Aphis gossypii 59 Under humid c
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Table 4.4.3 Releases for the biolog
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 63 that the lyco
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IRAQ ISRAEL 4.4 Aphis gossypii 65 d
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 67 Lysiphlebus t
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USA USSR 4.4 Aphis gossypii 69 Lysi
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 71 the posterior
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 73 Aphidius cole
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 75 Ephedrus plag
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 77 as attacking
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Diptera 4.4 Aphis gossypii 79 insta
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 81 probing) of s
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 83 open fields w
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86 Biological Control of Insect Pes
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Table 4.5.1 Insect predators of Cos
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Table 4.5.1 (contÕd) Insect predat
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Table 4.5.2 Introductions for the b
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Table 4.5.2 (contÕd) Introductions
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100 Biological Control of Insect Pe
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Table 4.7.2 (contÕd) Diaphorina ci
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Table 4.7.3 (contÕd) Natural enemi
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Table 4.7.4 (contÕd) Hyperparasito
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Table 4.7.5 (contÕd) Hyperparsitoi
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4.9 Dysmicoccus brevipes India 20°
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Biology 4.9 Dysmicoccus brevipes 14
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Natural enemies 4.9 Dysmicoccus bre
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Table 4.9.1 (contÕd) Natural enemi
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Table 4.9.2 Introductions for the b
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Table 4.9.2 (contÕd) Introductions
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4.9 Dysmicoccus brevipes 153 INDONE
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TRINIDAD USA 4.9 Dysmicoccus brevip
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei India 20°
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Biology 4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 15
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 161 tissue
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Host plants 4.10 Hypothenemus hampe
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 165 the en
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 167 remain
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Table 4.10.1 (contÕd) Natural enem
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Asia 4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 171 C
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Table 4.10.2 (contÕd) Introduction
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 175 relati
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 177 to 30%
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 179 P. nas
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 181 Planta
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 183 Asian
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Table 4.11.1 Development times, and
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Table 4.11.2 Natural enemies of Leu
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4.12 Nezara viridula India Myanmar
Page 197 and 198:
Biology Damage 4.12 Nezara viridula
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4.12 Nezara viridula 201 which cons
Page 201 and 202:
Table 4.12.1 (contÕd) Parasitoids
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Page 205 and 206:
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4.12 Nezara viridula 209 attracted
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Table 4.12.2 Introductions for the
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Page 215 and 216:
4.12 Nezara viridula 217 Doubt has
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4.12 Nezara viridula 219 Africa and
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BRAZIL 4.12 Nezara viridula 221 par
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4.12 Nezara viridula 223 parasitisa
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4.12 Nezara viridula 225 Anastatus
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THAILAND TONGA USA VANUATU 4.12 Nez
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4.12 Nezara viridula 229 Gryon sp.
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4.12 Nezara viridula 231 reproducti
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4.12 Nezara viridula 233 Ectophasio
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4.13 Ophiomyia phaseoli India Myanm
Page 235 and 236:
Biology Host plants 4.13 Ophiomyia
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Natural enemies 4.13 Ophiomyia phas
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Page 241 and 242:
Page 243 and 244:
EGYPT ETHIOPIA 4.13 Ophiomyia phase
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4.13 Ophiomyia phaseoli 247 Three a
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Attempts at biological control 4.13
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The more important parasitoids 4.13
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4.13 Ophiomyia phaseoli 253 its hos
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Comment 4.13 Ophiomyia phaseoli 255
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The Major Invertebrate Pests and We
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Page 260 and 261:
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4.15 Planococcus citri India 20° M
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Biology Host plants 4.15 Planococcu
Page 266 and 267:
Table 4.15.1 Predators of Planococc
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Table 4.15.1 (contÕd) Predators of
Page 270 and 271:
Table 4.15.1 (contÕd) Predators of
Page 272 and 273:
Table 4.15.2 Parasitoids of Planoco
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4.15 Planococcus citri 299 The ency
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BRAZIL CHILE CHINA CUBA CYPRUS FRAN
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ISRAEL 4.15 Planococcus citri 303 R
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4.15 Planococcus citri 305 When the
Page 282 and 283:
Table 4.15.4 Introductions for the
Page 284 and 285:
Page 286 and 287:
Biology of important natural enemie
Page 288 and 289:
4.15 Planococcus citri 313 Diomus p
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Comments 4.15 Planococcus citri 315
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni India 20° Mya
Page 294 and 295:
Host plants 4.16 Trichoplusia ni 31
Page 296 and 297:
4.16 Trichoplusia ni 321 describing
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Page 300 and 301:
Page 302 and 303:
Page 304 and 305:
Page 306 and 307:
Table 4.16.2 (contÕd) Some predato
Page 308 and 309:
Table 4.16.2 (contÕd) Some predato
Page 310 and 311:
4.16 Trichoplusia ni 335 Introducti
Page 312 and 313:
4.16 Trichoplusia ni 337 Table 4.16
Page 314 and 315:
Table 4.16.6 Natural enemies of Tri
Page 316 and 317:
4.16 Trichoplusia ni 341 It was sug
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 343 13.85 days
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 345 Voria rura
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 347 when 2nd o
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5 References 349 Abasa, R.O. 1975.
Page 326 and 327:
References 351 Alfaro, F., Garcia-M
Page 328 and 329:
References 353 Argyriou, L.C. 1970.
Page 330 and 331:
References 355 Ayoub, M.A. 1960. Ph
Page 332 and 333:
References 357 Barrera, J.F., Gomez
Page 334 and 335:
References 359 Beattie, G.A.C. and
Page 336 and 337:
References 361 Berkani, A. 1995. Re
Page 338 and 339:
References 363 Boling, J.C. and Pit
Page 340 and 341:
References 365 Brun, L.O., Marcilla
Page 342 and 343:
References 367 Cantrell, B.K. 1984.
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References 369 Cenda-a, S.M., Gabri
Page 346 and 347:
References 371 Chien, C.C., Chu, Y.
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References 373 CIE 1985. Distributi
Page 350 and 351:
References 375 Compere, H. 1939. Me
Page 352 and 353:
References 377 Crouzel, I.S. and Sa
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References 379 De Oliveira Filho, M
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References 381 Ding, Y., Li, M. and
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References 383 Elliott, N.C., Frenc
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References 385 Ferreira, A.J. and B
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References 387 Foerster, L.A., Quei
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References 389 Garcia, A. and Barri
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References 391 Godin, C. and Boivin
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References 393 Guido, A.S. and Ruff
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References 395 Hayat, M. and Lin, K
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References 397 Hofmaster, R.N. 1961
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References 399 Huo, S.T., Wei, Z.G.
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References 401 Jackson, C.G., Neema
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References 403 Jones, W.A. 1979. Th
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References 405 Kester, K.M., Smith,
Page 382 and 383:
References 407 Komazaki, S. 1993. B
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References 409 Kushida, T., Katagir
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References 411 Lee, S.C., Yoo, J.K.
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References 413 Liljesthršm, G.G. 1
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References 415 Lo, K.C. and Chiu, S
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References 417 Manjunath, T.M. 1972
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References 419 McCutcheon, G.S. and
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References 421 Michael, P.J. 1981.
Page 398 and 399:
References 423 Moreira, G.R.P. and
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References 425 Nakahara, M. and Kai
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References 427 Nixon, G.E.J. 1937.
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References 429 Oncuer, C. and Bayha
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References 431 Panis, A. 1977. Pseu
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References 433 Pe-a, J.E., Gilbin-D
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References 435 Prinsloo, G.L. 1985.
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References 437 Reddy, K.B. and Bhat
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References 439 Roepke, W. 1912. On
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References 441 Saha, J.L. and Agarw
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References 443 Schlinger, E.I. and
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References 445 Shi, D.S. 1984. Stud
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References 447 Singh, R. and Bhatt,
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References 449 Sinha, T.B. and Sing
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References 451 Soldevila, A.I. and
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References 453 Starù, P. and Ghosh
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References 455 Steinkraus, D.C., Sl
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References 457 Swezey, O.H. 1931. R
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References 459 Tewari, G.C. and Sar
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References 461 Tranfaglia, A. 1979.
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References 463 Ujiye, T. 1990. Stud
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References 465 van Steenis, M.J. 19
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References 467 Vinson, S.B. and Sto
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References 469 Waterston, J. 1915.
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References 471 Wilson, C.G. 1991. N
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References 473 Xu, C.F., Xia, Y.H.,
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References 475 Zhang, X.L. 1987. Pr
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