Biological Control of Insect Pests: Southeast Asian Prospects - EcoPort

254 Biological Control of Insect Pests: Southeast Asian Prospects
Oxyharma (= Pterosema) subaenea Hym.: Pteromalidae
Plutarchia indefensa Hym.: Eurytomidae
This wasp was referred to by Burikam (1978) and Burikam and Napompeth
(1979) as Plutarchia sp. Eggs are laid in third instar larvae of Ophiomyia
phaseoli, usually at the posterior end. One or two eggs are laid per host and,
on hatching after 2 to 3 days, one surviving larva remains in the first instar
until the host has pupated. The larval stage lasts 5 to 7 days and the pupal
stage (inside the host puparium) 7 to 8 days, giving a development period
from egg to adult of 16 to 19 days. Adult males lived 4 to 19 days (average
11.5) and females 10 to 25 days (average 16.9), during which 6 to 14 eggs
developed per day (Burikam 1978).
Pteromalid Hym.: Pteromalidae
The unidentified pteromalid recorded from Thailand (Burikam 1978;
Burikam and Napompeth 1979; Napompeth 1994) was found parasitising
pupae of O. phaseoli. The female laid 1 or 2 eggs in the host puparium. These
hatched in 2 days and, after 4 days larval development, pupation occurred
within the host puparium. The pupal stage lasted 7 to 8 days, resulting in a
life cycle of 12 to 14 days. Female wasps lived more than 2 weeks (Burikam
1978).
Sphegigaster brunneicornis Hym.: Pteromalidae
This species has been reported from Ethiopia (Abate 1991), India and Sri
Lanka (Peter and Balasubramanian 1984). O. phaseoli is its only recorded
host.
Sphegigaster (= Trigonogastra) rugosa Hym.: Pteromalidae
Sphegigaster (= Paratrigonogastra) stella Hym.: Pteromalidae
Sphegigaster stepicola Hym.: Pteromalidae
This species is known from Ophiomyia phaseoli in Ethiopia (Abate 1991)
and from Phytomyza albiceps in southern Europe and India (Abate 1991).
Combined parasitisation with S. brunneicornis of bean fly on Crotalaria in
Ethiopia ranged from 3.1% to 44.4% (average 26.2%), of which S. stepicola
accounted for nearly 72% (Abate 1991).
Sphegigaster voltairei (= Sphegigaster agromyzae
= Trigonogastra agromyzae) Hym.: Pteromalidae
This species is recorded from Australia, Papua New Guinea, Egypt and
especially Indonesia where Goot (1930) reported that, on average, it
comprised 60% of emergences from parasitised puparia and that it could be
kept alive from 30 to 48 days. It was also the most important parasitoid of
Melanagromyza sojae and was bred several times from M. dolichostigma.
Syntomopus (= Merismorella) shakespearei Hym.: Pteromalidae