Biological Control of Insect Pests: Southeast Asian Prospects - EcoPort

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Table 4.2.1 Average figures (days) for development of Anomis flava Stage Rao & Patel 1973 Kalshoven 1981 Author Ferino et al. 1982a Chen et al. 1991 Essien & Odebiyi 1991 egg development 2 2Ð3 4Ð5 2Ð7 1st instar larva 3 2.4 2nd 1.8 1.8 3rd 1.9 11 12Ð16 2.2 4th 2 2.2 5th 3 2.3 prepupa 1 1.4 pupa 6.2 6Ð11 7 eggÐadult 21.1 21 19Ð23 22Ð29 28 female longevity 31 28 10 4Ð7 19.8 number of eggs 158 350 492 476 preÐoviposition 1.25 3 3.3 oviposition 6 7 12.4 20 Biological Control of Insect Pests: Southeast Asian Prospects
4.2 Anomis flava A. flava is regarded as of only minor importance in the Pacific, which is not surprising since none of its major larval host plants is of much economic importance there. Natural enemies Those reported in the literature are listed in Table 4.2.2. Egg parasitoids are Trichogramma spp., which on occasion can be effective: in Mali, 92% parasitisation by Trichogramma sp. was recorded in untreated cotton (Pierrard 1970), 12.1% to 15% in the Philippines (Ferino et al. 1982a) and 60 to 80% of eggs on cotton were attacked by T. dendrolimi in China (Wang et al. 1985, 1988). As for larval parasitoids, Apanteles anomidis parasitised 27.5% in China (Xie 1984), Aleiodes aligharensi and Aleiodes sp. together 5.2% in Chad (Silvie et al. 1989), Charops bicolor 10.2% in China (Xie 1984), Meteorus pulchricornis 4.9% in China (Xie 1984), Meteorus sp. 50 to 69.4% in Nepal (Neupane 1977) and Winthemia dasyops 2.5% in Chad (Silvie et al. 1989). Most other records did not indicate effectiveness or, if they did, it was lower than 2.5% parasitisation. A. flava pupae are attacked by at least 5 species of Brachymeria (Chalcididae). In Madagascar, B. multicolor and B. tibialis parasitised 98% of pupae in some fields (Steffan 1958). Further details are provided in the country summaries. It is not easy to discern a pattern from these although, under some conditions, parasitoids are clearly able to have a major impact on A. flava populations. Less is known about the effectiveness of predators, although pentatomid, carabid, coccinellid, vespid and spider predators have been reported and the Indian mynah bird consumed large numbers of larvae when they were abundant (Khan 1956). Unexplained disappearance of larvae is often attributed to predation, although heavy rainfall may sometimes be responsible. Bacillus thuringiensis has been recorded in the field from A. flava larvae (Yin et al. 1991) and has given promising control on a number of occasions (Angelini and Couilloud 1972; Delattre 1973; Anon 1976b; Wilson 1981; Chen et al. 1991). Both granulosis and polyhedrosis viruses have been recorded in the field (Table 4.2.2) and it is possible that virus preparations might be used for control. 21
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Table 4.5.2 Introductions for the b
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Table 4.5.2 (contÕd) Introductions
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Table 4.7.5 (contÕd) Hyperparsitoi
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4.9 Dysmicoccus brevipes India 20°
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Biology 4.9 Dysmicoccus brevipes 14
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Natural enemies 4.9 Dysmicoccus bre
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Table 4.9.1 (contÕd) Natural enemi
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Table 4.9.2 Introductions for the b
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Table 4.9.2 (contÕd) Introductions
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4.9 Dysmicoccus brevipes 153 INDONE
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TRINIDAD USA 4.9 Dysmicoccus brevip
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei India 20°
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Biology 4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 15
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 161 tissue
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Host plants 4.10 Hypothenemus hampe
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 165 the en
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 167 remain
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Table 4.10.1 (contÕd) Natural enem
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Asia 4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 171 C
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Table 4.10.2 (contÕd) Introduction
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 175 relati
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 177 to 30%
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 179 P. nas
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 181 Planta
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 183 Asian
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Table 4.11.1 Development times, and
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Table 4.11.2 Natural enemies of Leu
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4.12 Nezara viridula India Myanmar
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Biology Damage 4.12 Nezara viridula
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4.12 Nezara viridula 201 which cons
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Table 4.12.1 (contÕd) Parasitoids
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4.12 Nezara viridula 209 attracted
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Table 4.12.2 Introductions for the
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4.12 Nezara viridula 217 Doubt has
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4.12 Nezara viridula 219 Africa and
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BRAZIL 4.12 Nezara viridula 221 par
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4.12 Nezara viridula 223 parasitisa
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4.12 Nezara viridula 225 Anastatus
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THAILAND TONGA USA VANUATU 4.12 Nez
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4.12 Nezara viridula 229 Gryon sp.
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4.12 Nezara viridula 231 reproducti
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4.12 Nezara viridula 233 Ectophasio
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4.13 Ophiomyia phaseoli India Myanm
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Biology Host plants 4.13 Ophiomyia
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Natural enemies 4.13 Ophiomyia phas
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EGYPT ETHIOPIA 4.13 Ophiomyia phase
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4.13 Ophiomyia phaseoli 247 Three a
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Attempts at biological control 4.13
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The more important parasitoids 4.13
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4.13 Ophiomyia phaseoli 253 its hos
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Comment 4.13 Ophiomyia phaseoli 255
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The Major Invertebrate Pests and We
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4.15 Planococcus citri India 20° M
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Biology Host plants 4.15 Planococcu
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Table 4.15.1 Predators of Planococc
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Table 4.15.2 Parasitoids of Planoco
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4.15 Planococcus citri 299 The ency
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BRAZIL CHILE CHINA CUBA CYPRUS FRAN
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ISRAEL 4.15 Planococcus citri 303 R
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4.15 Planococcus citri 305 When the
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Table 4.15.4 Introductions for the
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Biology of important natural enemie
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4.15 Planococcus citri 313 Diomus p
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Comments 4.15 Planococcus citri 315
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni India 20° Mya
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Host plants 4.16 Trichoplusia ni 31
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 321 describing
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 335 Introducti
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 337 Table 4.16
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Table 4.16.6 Natural enemies of Tri
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 341 It was sug
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 343 13.85 days
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 345 Voria rura
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 347 when 2nd o
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5 References 349 Abasa, R.O. 1975.
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References 359 Beattie, G.A.C. and
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References 361 Berkani, A. 1995. Re
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References 363 Boling, J.C. and Pit
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References 365 Brun, L.O., Marcilla
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References 367 Cantrell, B.K. 1984.
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References 369 Cenda-a, S.M., Gabri
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References 371 Chien, C.C., Chu, Y.
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References 373 CIE 1985. Distributi
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References 375 Compere, H. 1939. Me
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References 377 Crouzel, I.S. and Sa
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References 383 Elliott, N.C., Frenc
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References 385 Ferreira, A.J. and B
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References 387 Foerster, L.A., Quei
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References 389 Garcia, A. and Barri
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References 391 Godin, C. and Boivin
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