Biological Control of Insect Pests: Southeast Asian Prospects - EcoPort

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60 Biological Control of Insect Pests: Southeast Asian Prospects Attempts at biological control There have been many intentional and unintentional transfers of aphid parasitoids, which have influenced the populations of A. craccivora and A. gossypii in different regions of the world. However, the majority of intentional transfers have been aimed at other target aphid pests. Some deliberate attempts against these two species have been unsuccessful (Table 4.4.3). Overall, however, there is little doubt that, where parasitoids have become established, the situation is better, sometimes significantly better, than if they were not present, even if the level of control may not be as effective as is desirable. There is little doubt that, in many regions, an improved situation is likely to occur if additional parasitoid species are established. AUSTRALIA Aphidius colemani is capable of producing rapid decreases in populations of A. gossypii on cotton and, of carrying this to extinction in association with high densities of Harmonia octomaculata (= Coccinella arcuata) and Coccinella transversalis (= C. repanda) (Room and Wardhaugh 1977). Three species of parasitoid were imported in the hope that, as polyphagous species, they would contribute to the biological control of several species of pest aphid. The principal target for two of the species was A. craccivora, which is very sporadic in occurrence in Australia. It was hoped that, in the unpredictable absence of A. craccivora, the parasitoids would continue to breed and survive in other hosts. Lysiphlebus testaceipes (from Aphis nerii in California) and L. fabarum (from Greece and Turkey) were imported as biological control agents of A. craccivora on legumes, mass reared, and released in 1982 and 1983 in New South Wales and Victoria. Both parasitoids readily parasitised A. craccivora, A. gossypii and some other aphid species in the laboratory. The releases coincided with a prolonged drought during which there were no A. craccivora available on legume crops. Releases were, therefore, made on A. gossypii infesting Hibiscus bushes. No parasites were recovered the following year from either A. craccivora or A. gossypii, although L. testaceipes became established in Aphis nerii on oleander (Nerium) (Hughes 1989). L. fabarum was not recovered. It was concluded that the parasitoids must have been unsuitable biotypes (Carver 1984, 1989).
Table 4.4.3 Releases for the biological control (inter alia) of Aphis craccivora and/or A. gossypii Parasitoid From To Year Result Reference Aphelinus varipes South Carolina California + Wharton 1983 Aphelinus abdominalis India U.K. + Hussey & Bravenboer 1971 Aphidius colemani S. Brazil France 1982 + Rabasse 1986 Australia Tonga 1990 + Carver et al. 1993; Wellings et al. 1994 Lysiphlebus fabarum France, Italy, Greece, Australia 1982, - Carver 1984, 1989 Turkey 1983 Lysiphlebus testaceipes USA China 1983 + Zheng & Tang 1989 USA Hawaii 1923 + Beardsley 1961 USA India 1966 ? Ramaseshiah et al. 1969; Sankaran 1974 USA Australia 1982 + Carver 1984; Hughes 1989 Cuba France, Italy 1973 + Rabasse 1986; Starù et al. 1988a,b Czechoslovakia Tonga - Stechmann & Všlkl 1988; Všlkl et al. 1990 Hawaii Pakistan 1972 ? Anwar 1974; Mohyuddin & Anwar 1972, 1973, Mohyuddin et al. 1971 Mexico USSR 1989 + Shiiko et al. 1991 USA China 1983 + Zheng & Tang 1989 Trioxys indicus India Australia 1986 - Carver 1989; Sandow 1986 4.4 Aphis gossypii 61
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Biological Control of Insect Pests:
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ii The Australian Centre for Intern
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iv 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 Natural enem
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4.9 Dysmicoccus brevipes India 20°
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Biology 4.9 Dysmicoccus brevipes 14
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Natural enemies 4.9 Dysmicoccus bre
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Table 4.9.1 (contÕd) Natural enemi
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Table 4.9.2 Introductions for the b
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Table 4.9.2 (contÕd) Introductions
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4.9 Dysmicoccus brevipes 153 INDONE
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TRINIDAD USA 4.9 Dysmicoccus brevip
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei India 20°
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Biology 4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 15
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 161 tissue
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 167 remain
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Table 4.10.1 (contÕd) Natural enem
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Asia 4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 171 C
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Table 4.10.2 (contÕd) Introduction
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 177 to 30%
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 179 P. nas
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 181 Planta
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 183 Asian
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Table 4.11.1 Development times, and
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4.12 Nezara viridula India Myanmar
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Biology Damage 4.12 Nezara viridula
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4.12 Nezara viridula 201 which cons
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BRAZIL 4.12 Nezara viridula 221 par
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4.12 Nezara viridula 223 parasitisa
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4.12 Nezara viridula 225 Anastatus
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THAILAND TONGA USA VANUATU 4.12 Nez
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4.12 Nezara viridula 229 Gryon sp.
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4.12 Nezara viridula 231 reproducti
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4.13 Ophiomyia phaseoli India Myanm
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Biology Host plants 4.13 Ophiomyia
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Natural enemies 4.13 Ophiomyia phas
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EGYPT ETHIOPIA 4.13 Ophiomyia phase
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4.13 Ophiomyia phaseoli 247 Three a
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Attempts at biological control 4.13
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The more important parasitoids 4.13
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4.13 Ophiomyia phaseoli 253 its hos
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Comment 4.13 Ophiomyia phaseoli 255
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The Major Invertebrate Pests and We
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4.15 Planococcus citri India 20° M
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Biology Host plants 4.15 Planococcu
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4.15 Planococcus citri 299 The ency
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BRAZIL CHILE CHINA CUBA CYPRUS FRAN
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ISRAEL 4.15 Planococcus citri 303 R
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Comments 4.15 Planococcus citri 315
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni India 20° Mya
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 321 describing
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5 References 349 Abasa, R.O. 1975.
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References 383 Elliott, N.C., Frenc
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References 385 Ferreira, A.J. and B
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References 387 Foerster, L.A., Quei
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