Biological Control of Insect Pests: Southeast Asian Prospects - EcoPort

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References 449 Sinha, T.B. and Singh, R. 1980b. Studies on the bionomics of Trioxys (Binodoxys) indicus Subba Rao and Sharma (Hymenoptera, Aphidiidae), a parasitoid of Aphis craccivora Koch (Hemiptera, Aphididae). The area of discovery of the parasitoid. Journal of Applied Entomology 89: 173Ð178. Sirjusingh, C., Kermarrec, A., Mauleon, H., Lavis, C. and Etienne, J. 1992. Biological control of weevils and whitegrubs on bananas and sugarcane in the Caribbean. Florida Entomologist 75: 548Ð562. Sladden, G.E. 1934. Stephanoderes hampei Ferr.. Bulletin Agricole du Congo Belge 25: 26Ð77 (Review of Applied Entomology (A) 23: 211, 1935). Smee, L. 1965. Insect pests of sweet potato and taro in the Territory of Papua New Guinea: their habits and control. Papua New Guinea Agricultural Journal 17: 99Ð101. Smilowitz, Z. and Iwantsch, G.F. 1973. Relationships between the parasitoid Hyposoter exiguae and the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni: effects of host age on developmental rate of the parasitoid. Environmental Entomology 2: 759Ð763. Smilowitz, Z. and Iwantsch, G.F. 1975. Relationships between the parasitoid Hyposoter exiguae and the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni: the effect of host age on the ovipositional rate of the parasitoid and successful parasitism. Canadian Entomologist 107: 689Ð694. Smith, D. 1977. Insect and mite pests of tomatoes. Queensland Agricultural Journal 103: 567Ð570. Smith, D. 1993. Studies on banana weevil borer control. Southeast Queensland section of the HRDC funded project: applied pest management in bananas 1989Ð1993. 55pp. Smith, D., Beattie, G.A.C. and Broadley, R, ed. 1997b. Citrus Pests and their Natural Enemies. Integrated Pest Management in Australia. Queensland Department of Primary Industries. 272pp. Smith, D., Neale, C., Beattie, G.A.C., Kennedy, J., Altmann, J., Bushell, D., Swanbury, N. and Woods, W. 1997a. Release of citrus leafminer parasitoids; continued release and assessment of citrus leafminer parasitoids; and biological control of citrus leafminer in the Riverland. Department of Primary Industries Queensland. Unpublished final report of three Horticultural Research and Development Corporation projects. Smith, D., Papacek, D.F. and Murray, D.A.H. 1988. The use of Leptomastix dactylopii Howard (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) to control Planococcus citri (Risso) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in Queensland citrus orchards. Queensland Journal of Agricultural and Animal Sciences 45: 157Ð164. Smith, H.S. 1916. Progress of the Sicilian mealybug parasite. California State Commission of Horticulture. Monthly Bulletin 5: 349Ð350.
450 Biological Control of Insect Pests: Southeast Asian Prospects Smith, H.S. 1917. On the life history and successful introduction into the United States of the Sicilian mealybug parasite. Journal of Economic Entomology 10: 262Ð268. Smith, H.S. 1923. The successful introduction and establishment of the ladybird, Scymnus binaevatus Mulsant in California. Journal of Economic Entomology 16: 516Ð518. Smith, H.S. and Armitage, H.M. 1920. Biological control of mealybugs in California. California State Department of Agriculture, Monthly Bulletin 9: 104Ð158. Smith, H.S. and Armitage, H.M., 1931. The biological control of mealybugs attacking citrus. California University Agricultural Station. Bulletin 509. 74pp. Smith, J.G. 1978. Pests of soybean in Brazil. (pp. 167Ð177 in Singh et al. 1978). Smith, J.H. 1944. Predatory Insects. Queensland Agricultural Journal 1944: 345Ð354. Smith, J.M. and Hoy, M.A. 1995. Rearing methods for Ageniaspis citricola (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) and Cirrospilus quadristriatus (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) released in a classical biological control program for the citrus leafminer Phyllocnistis citrella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae). Florida Entomologist 78: 600Ð608. Smith, J.M. and Hoy, M.A. 1996. Rearing techniques for Ageniaspis citricola and Phyllocnistis citrella. In: M.A. Hoy, ed., Managing the citrus leafminer. Proceedings from an International Conference, Orlando Florida, April 23Ð25, 1996. p. 99. Smith, M.J. and Hardee, D.D. 1996. Influence of fungicides on development of an entomopathogenic fungus (Zygomycetes: Neozygitaceae) in the cotton aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae). Environmental Entomology 25: 677Ð687. Smith, M.T. and Hardee, D.D. 1993. Seasonal relationship among aphid (Aphis gossypii Glover), the entomopathogenic fungus Neozygites fresenii (Nowakowski) Batko, and the parasite Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Cresson). Proceedings of the Beltwide Cotton Conference, Memphis, Tennesee 1991Ð1993, 2: 978Ð982. Snellen, P.C.T. 1899. Nieuwe Aanteekeningen over Pyraliden. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 42: 58Ð95. Sohi, G.S. 1964. Pests of cotton. pp. 111Ð148 in N.C. Pant 1964, Entomology in India. The Entomological Society of India, New Delhi. Sohi, G.S. and Sandhu, M.S. 1968. Relationship between Citrus leaf-miner (Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton) injury and citrus canker (Xanthomonas citri (Hasse) Dowson) incidence on Citrus leaves. Journal of Research. Punjab Agricultural University 5: 66Ð69. Soldevila, A.I. and Jones, D. 1991. Immunoanalysis of unique protein in Trichoplusia ni larvae by the braconid wasp Chelonus near curvimaculatus. Insect Biochemistry 21: 845Ð856.
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Biological Control of Insect Pests:
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ii The Australian Centre for Intern
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iv 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 Natural enem
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vi 4.14 4.15 4.16 Phyllocnistis cit
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1 Abstract Introduction 1 Biologica
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3 Introduction Introduction 3 Water
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Figure 1. Introduction 5 integratio
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Introduction 7 necessary those used
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10 Biological Control of Insect Pes
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Table 4.1.1 Natural enemies of Agri
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Table 4.2.1 Average figures (days)
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Table 4.2.2 Natural enemies of Anom
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Table 4.2.2 (contÕd) Natural enemi
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Table 3 Order No. of +s 26 1. 41 2.
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4.4 Aphis gossypii India Myanmar ++
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Host plants Damage 4.4 Aphis gossyp
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4.4 Aphis gossypii the abundance of
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Table 4.4.1 (contÕd) HYMENOPTERA A
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Table 4.4.1 (contÕd) HYMENOPTERA A
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Table 4.4.1 (contÕd) Parasitoids o
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Table 4.4.1 (contÕd) Parasitoids o
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 59 Under humid c
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Table 4.4.3 Releases for the biolog
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 63 that the lyco
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IRAQ ISRAEL 4.4 Aphis gossypii 65 d
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 67 Lysiphlebus t
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USA USSR 4.4 Aphis gossypii 69 Lysi
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 71 the posterior
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 73 Aphidius cole
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 75 Ephedrus plag
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 77 as attacking
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Diptera 4.4 Aphis gossypii 79 insta
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 81 probing) of s
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 83 open fields w
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Table 4.5.1 Insect predators of Cos
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Table 4.5.1 (contÕd) Insect predat
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Table 4.5.2 Introductions for the b
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Table 4.5.2 (contÕd) Introductions
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100 Biological Control of Insect Pe
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Table 4.7.2 (contÕd) Diaphorina ci
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Table 4.7.4 (contÕd) Hyperparasito
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Table 4.7.5 (contÕd) Hyperparsitoi
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4.9 Dysmicoccus brevipes India 20°
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Biology 4.9 Dysmicoccus brevipes 14
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Natural enemies 4.9 Dysmicoccus bre
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Table 4.9.2 Introductions for the b
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Table 4.9.2 (contÕd) Introductions
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4.9 Dysmicoccus brevipes 153 INDONE
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TRINIDAD USA 4.9 Dysmicoccus brevip
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei India 20°
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Biology 4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 15
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 161 tissue
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Host plants 4.10 Hypothenemus hampe
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 165 the en
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 167 remain
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Table 4.10.1 (contÕd) Natural enem
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Asia 4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 171 C
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Table 4.10.2 (contÕd) Introduction
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 175 relati
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 177 to 30%
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 179 P. nas
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 181 Planta
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 183 Asian
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Table 4.11.1 Development times, and
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Table 4.11.2 Natural enemies of Leu
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4.12 Nezara viridula India Myanmar
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Biology Damage 4.12 Nezara viridula
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4.12 Nezara viridula 201 which cons
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Table 4.12.1 (contÕd) Parasitoids
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4.12 Nezara viridula 209 attracted
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Table 4.12.2 Introductions for the
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4.12 Nezara viridula 217 Doubt has
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4.12 Nezara viridula 219 Africa and
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BRAZIL 4.12 Nezara viridula 221 par
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4.12 Nezara viridula 223 parasitisa
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4.12 Nezara viridula 225 Anastatus
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THAILAND TONGA USA VANUATU 4.12 Nez
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4.12 Nezara viridula 229 Gryon sp.
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4.12 Nezara viridula 231 reproducti
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4.12 Nezara viridula 233 Ectophasio
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4.13 Ophiomyia phaseoli India Myanm
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Biology Host plants 4.13 Ophiomyia
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Natural enemies 4.13 Ophiomyia phas
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EGYPT ETHIOPIA 4.13 Ophiomyia phase
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4.13 Ophiomyia phaseoli 247 Three a
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Attempts at biological control 4.13
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The more important parasitoids 4.13
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4.13 Ophiomyia phaseoli 253 its hos
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Comment 4.13 Ophiomyia phaseoli 255
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The Major Invertebrate Pests and We
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4.15 Planococcus citri India 20° M
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Biology Host plants 4.15 Planococcu
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Table 4.15.1 Predators of Planococc
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Table 4.15.1 (contÕd) Predators of
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Table 4.15.1 (contÕd) Predators of
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Table 4.15.2 Parasitoids of Planoco
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4.15 Planococcus citri 299 The ency
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BRAZIL CHILE CHINA CUBA CYPRUS FRAN
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ISRAEL 4.15 Planococcus citri 303 R
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4.15 Planococcus citri 305 When the
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Table 4.15.4 Introductions for the
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Biology of important natural enemie
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4.15 Planococcus citri 313 Diomus p
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Comments 4.15 Planococcus citri 315
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni India 20° Mya
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Host plants 4.16 Trichoplusia ni 31
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 321 describing
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Table 4.16.2 (contÕd) Some predato
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Table 4.16.2 (contÕd) Some predato
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 335 Introducti
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 337 Table 4.16
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Table 4.16.6 Natural enemies of Tri
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 341 It was sug
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 343 13.85 days
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 345 Voria rura
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 347 when 2nd o
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5 References 349 Abasa, R.O. 1975.
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References 351 Alfaro, F., Garcia-M
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References 353 Argyriou, L.C. 1970.
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References 355 Ayoub, M.A. 1960. Ph
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References 357 Barrera, J.F., Gomez
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References 359 Beattie, G.A.C. and
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References 361 Berkani, A. 1995. Re
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References 363 Boling, J.C. and Pit
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References 365 Brun, L.O., Marcilla
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References 367 Cantrell, B.K. 1984.
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References 369 Cenda-a, S.M., Gabri
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References 371 Chien, C.C., Chu, Y.
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References 373 CIE 1985. Distributi
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References 375 Compere, H. 1939. Me
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References 377 Crouzel, I.S. and Sa
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References 379 De Oliveira Filho, M
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References 381 Ding, Y., Li, M. and
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References 383 Elliott, N.C., Frenc
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References 385 Ferreira, A.J. and B
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References 387 Foerster, L.A., Quei
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References 389 Garcia, A. and Barri
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References 391 Godin, C. and Boivin
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References 393 Guido, A.S. and Ruff
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References 395 Hayat, M. and Lin, K
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References 397 Hofmaster, R.N. 1961
Page 374 and 375: References 399 Huo, S.T., Wei, Z.G.
Page 376 and 377: References 401 Jackson, C.G., Neema
Page 378 and 379: References 403 Jones, W.A. 1979. Th
Page 380 and 381: References 405 Kester, K.M., Smith,
Page 382 and 383: References 407 Komazaki, S. 1993. B
Page 384 and 385: References 409 Kushida, T., Katagir
Page 386 and 387: References 411 Lee, S.C., Yoo, J.K.
Page 388 and 389: References 413 Liljesthršm, G.G. 1
Page 390 and 391: References 415 Lo, K.C. and Chiu, S
Page 392 and 393: References 417 Manjunath, T.M. 1972
Page 394 and 395: References 419 McCutcheon, G.S. and
Page 396 and 397: References 421 Michael, P.J. 1981.
Page 398 and 399: References 423 Moreira, G.R.P. and
Page 400 and 401: References 425 Nakahara, M. and Kai
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Page 406 and 407: References 431 Panis, A. 1977. Pseu
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Page 420 and 421: References 445 Shi, D.S. 1984. Stud
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Page 426 and 427: References 451 Soldevila, A.I. and
Page 428 and 429: References 453 Starù, P. and Ghosh
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Page 438 and 439: References 463 Ujiye, T. 1990. Stud
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Page 446 and 447: References 471 Wilson, C.G. 1991. N
Page 448 and 449: References 473 Xu, C.F., Xia, Y.H.,
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