Biological Control of Insect Pests: Southeast Asian Prospects - EcoPort

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120 Biological Control of Insect Pests: Southeast Asian Prospects The Asian citrus greening bacterium can withstand high temperatures and occurs in China, Southeast Asia, India and Saudi Arabia. On the other hand, Southern African greening, which is transmitted by the psyllid Trioza erytreae, is heat-sensitive and symptoms do not develop in climates where temperatures above 30¡C are recorded for several hours a day. In addition to Southern Africa, this greening occurs also in North Yemen (Garnier et al. 1988). Natural enemies Identified natural enemies are listed in Table 4.7.3. There are also reports of a number of unidentified predators (coccinellids, chrysopids, mantids, spiders). It is noteworthy that only 2 primary parasitoidsÑboth attacking D. citri nymphsÑhave so far been recorded, the widespread endoparasitic encyrtid Diaphorencyrtus aligarhensis and the more restricted ectoparasitic eulophid Tamarixia radiata, which has been introduced to several countries for biological control. Both feed on the haemolymph of some hosts, resulting in their death, as well as using other hosts for oviposition. Where they occur naturally, both D. aligarhensis and T. radiata are heavily attacked by a wide range of hyperparasitoids (Table 4.7.4). Of these, Tetrastichus sp. is the most important for T. radiata, causing an average of 21.8% parasitisation in 1988 (rising to a maximum of 87.9%) and 28.7% in 1989 in Fujian Province, China. Chartocerus walkeri (9.3% in 1988 and 13.2% in 1989) is the most important for D. aligarhensis (Table 4.7.5). A valuable illustrated guide to the hyperparasitoids associated with D. citri is provided by Qing and Aubert (1990).
Table 4.7.3 Natural enemies of Diaphorina citri (* indicates introduced to this country) Species Region Reference HYMENOPTERA ENCYRTIDAE Diaphorencyrtus aligarhensis (= Aphidencyrtus diaphorinae = Diaphorencyrtus diaphorinae = Psyllaephagus diaphorinae = Aphidencyrtus aligarhensis) EULOPHIDAE Tamarixia radiata (= Tetrastichus radiatus) India Vietnam Taiwan Shafee et al. 1975; Hayat 1981 Myartseva & Tryapitzyn 1978; van Lam 1996 Prinsloo 1985 Lin & Tao 1979 Comores Is Aubert 1984b RŽunion Aubert & Quilici 1984, Quilici 1989 Philippines Prinsloo 1985; Gavarra & Mercado 1989; Gavarra et al. 1990 China Tang 1989 Indonesia Malaysia India RŽunion* Nurhadi 1989; Nurhadi & Crih 1987 Lim et al. 1990 Waterston 1922; Husain & Nath 1924; Quilici 1989, Etienne and Aubert 1980 Saudi Arabia Aubert 1984a Mauritius* Aubert 1984c Nepal Lama et al. 1988; Otake 1990 Taiwan* Chiu et al. 1988 China Liu 1989; Tang 1989; Qing & Aubert 1990 Indonesia Malaysia Nurhadi & Crih 1987; Nurhadi 1989 Lim et al. 1990 Thailand Qing & Aubert 1990 Vietnam Myartseva & Trijapitzyin 1978; van Lam 1996 4.7 Diaphorina citri 121
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Biological Control of Insect Pests:
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ii The Australian Centre for Intern
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iv 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 Natural enem
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vi 4.14 4.15 4.16 Phyllocnistis cit
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1 Abstract Introduction 1 Biologica
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3 Introduction Introduction 3 Water
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Figure 1. Introduction 5 integratio
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Introduction 7 necessary those used
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10 Biological Control of Insect Pes
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Table 4.1.1 Natural enemies of Agri
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Table 4.2.1 Average figures (days)
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Table 4.2.2 Natural enemies of Anom
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Table 4.2.2 (contÕd) Natural enemi
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Table 4.2.2 (contÕd) Natural enemi
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Table 3 Order No. of +s 26 1. 41 2.
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4.4 Aphis gossypii India Myanmar ++
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Host plants Damage 4.4 Aphis gossyp
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4.4 Aphis gossypii the abundance of
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Table 4.4.1 (contÕd) HYMENOPTERA A
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Table 4.4.1 (contÕd) HYMENOPTERA A
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Table 4.4.1 (contÕd) Parasitoids o
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Table 4.4.1 (contÕd) Parasitoids o
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 59 Under humid c
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Table 4.4.3 Releases for the biolog
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 63 that the lyco
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IRAQ ISRAEL 4.4 Aphis gossypii 65 d
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 67 Lysiphlebus t
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Asia 4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 171 C
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Table 4.10.2 (contÕd) Introduction
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 175 relati
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 177 to 30%
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 179 P. nas
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 181 Planta
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 183 Asian
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186 Biological Control of Insect Pe
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Table 4.11.1 Development times, and
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Table 4.11.2 Natural enemies of Leu
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4.12 Nezara viridula India Myanmar
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Biology Damage 4.12 Nezara viridula
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4.12 Nezara viridula 201 which cons
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Table 4.12.1 (contÕd) Parasitoids
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4.12 Nezara viridula 209 attracted
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Table 4.12.2 Introductions for the
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4.12 Nezara viridula 217 Doubt has
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4.12 Nezara viridula 219 Africa and
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BRAZIL 4.12 Nezara viridula 221 par
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4.12 Nezara viridula 223 parasitisa
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4.12 Nezara viridula 225 Anastatus
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THAILAND TONGA USA VANUATU 4.12 Nez
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4.12 Nezara viridula 229 Gryon sp.
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4.12 Nezara viridula 231 reproducti
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4.12 Nezara viridula 233 Ectophasio
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4.13 Ophiomyia phaseoli India Myanm
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Biology Host plants 4.13 Ophiomyia
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Natural enemies 4.13 Ophiomyia phas
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Table 4.13.1 (contÕd) Natural enem
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Table 4.13.1 (contÕd) Natural enem
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EGYPT ETHIOPIA 4.13 Ophiomyia phase
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4.13 Ophiomyia phaseoli 247 Three a
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Attempts at biological control 4.13
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The more important parasitoids 4.13
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4.13 Ophiomyia phaseoli 253 its hos
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Comment 4.13 Ophiomyia phaseoli 255
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The Major Invertebrate Pests and We
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4.15 Planococcus citri India 20° M
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Biology Host plants 4.15 Planococcu
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Table 4.15.1 Predators of Planococc
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Table 4.15.1 (contÕd) Predators of
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Table 4.15.1 (contÕd) Predators of
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Table 4.15.2 Parasitoids of Planoco
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4.15 Planococcus citri 299 The ency
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BRAZIL CHILE CHINA CUBA CYPRUS FRAN
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ISRAEL 4.15 Planococcus citri 303 R
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4.15 Planococcus citri 305 When the
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Table 4.15.4 Introductions for the
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Biology of important natural enemie
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4.15 Planococcus citri 313 Diomus p
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Comments 4.15 Planococcus citri 315
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni India 20° Mya
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Host plants 4.16 Trichoplusia ni 31
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 321 describing
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Table 4.16.2 (contÕd) Some predato
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Table 4.16.2 (contÕd) Some predato
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 335 Introducti
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 337 Table 4.16
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Table 4.16.6 Natural enemies of Tri
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 341 It was sug
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 343 13.85 days
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 345 Voria rura
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 347 when 2nd o
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5 References 349 Abasa, R.O. 1975.
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References 351 Alfaro, F., Garcia-M
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References 353 Argyriou, L.C. 1970.
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References 355 Ayoub, M.A. 1960. Ph
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References 357 Barrera, J.F., Gomez
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References 359 Beattie, G.A.C. and
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References 361 Berkani, A. 1995. Re
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References 363 Boling, J.C. and Pit
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References 365 Brun, L.O., Marcilla
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References 367 Cantrell, B.K. 1984.
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References 369 Cenda-a, S.M., Gabri
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References 371 Chien, C.C., Chu, Y.
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References 373 CIE 1985. Distributi
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References 375 Compere, H. 1939. Me
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References 377 Crouzel, I.S. and Sa
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References 379 De Oliveira Filho, M
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References 381 Ding, Y., Li, M. and
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References 383 Elliott, N.C., Frenc
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References 385 Ferreira, A.J. and B
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References 387 Foerster, L.A., Quei
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References 389 Garcia, A. and Barri
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References 391 Godin, C. and Boivin
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References 393 Guido, A.S. and Ruff
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References 395 Hayat, M. and Lin, K
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References 397 Hofmaster, R.N. 1961
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References 401 Jackson, C.G., Neema
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References 405 Kester, K.M., Smith,
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References 409 Kushida, T., Katagir
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References 415 Lo, K.C. and Chiu, S
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References 419 McCutcheon, G.S. and
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References 425 Nakahara, M. and Kai
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References 455 Steinkraus, D.C., Sl
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